Sales expectation

Market Retail sales (million USD) 2000 % of total food sales Expected growth in the medium term (%)... 

Despite the sharp increase in development cost, the number of new products launched and their sales expectations remained fairly constant (Lumley and Walker, 1992). It has been calculated that in the UK even the best selling 10% new drugs require longer than the effective life-span of their patents to recover the research and development cost the majority of new pharmaceuticals cannot recoup these cost even after more than 20 years (Prentis et al., 1988). 

The definition of a product candidate and the description of essential commercial aspects of this product and its development process should be summarized in a product profile. The product profile describes essential product qualities such as the indication, form of presentation, intended application and use pattern, efficacy, safety and other critical aspects, e.g. patent restrictions and cost limitations for the compound or for the formulated product. The expected date of product launch and sales expectations as well as the expected development cost are important elements of the product profile. Table 2 summarizes and explains the aspects which should be covered by a product profile. 

This bottom-up estimate correlates with the sales expectations of some leading players DuPont, for example, announced in September 1999 that they expected 25 percent of their material sales to come from biotech-based products in 10... 

A firm considers the issue of designing its global network of plants and distribution centers. The firm plans to produce a new product with sales expectations in many countries. The product is composed of many different subassemblies, but requires only one unit per subassembly (i.e., a two level product tree, with level 0 the final product and level 1 all its subassemblies). Subassemblies can be produced in some combination of facilities within the firm s market areas. In order to assemble the final product, distribution centers (DCs) can be located in various countries. To influence the firm s location decision, various governments are willing to grant to it tax incentives and loans with subsidized interest rates that reduce the facility costs. The firm wants to develop a network of plants and DCs that maximizes its discounted after-tax profit over the planning horizon for this product. 

As a simplification for a design, an 80 to 85% utilization of the maximum possible mold life should be used. By way of example, this means that with a sales expectation of 800,000 components in the overall life cycle (start of series up to the end of the intended end of spare parts production), the mold should have a total output of about 1 million components. The difference of 200,000 components is a safety margin, which should prevent that an additional mold has to be manufactured at a... 

Human growth hormone is one of the largest selling therapeutic proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology. Annual worldwide sales increased from 130,000,000 in 1987 to 575,000,000 in 1992 (47). Upon approval of additional indications, the sales of hGH are expected to increase even more. 

Light-emitting diodes are the most commercially important compound semiconductor devices in terms of both doUar and volume sales. The 1991 worldwide compound semiconductor device market totaled 2.8 biUion (39). Light-emitting diodes accounted for ca 1.9 biUion of this market. Visible and ir LEDs represented 37 and 30%, respectively. These markets are expected to grow as LEDs are increasingly employed in advanced appHcations. 

The U.S. market for dmgs to control blood glucose totals about 1 x 10 , equally divided between insulin and all other antidiabetic dmgs (33). Insulin sales ate expected to grow by about 10% annually, whereas the antidiabetic dmg market as a whole is expected to shrink by about 3%. The blood glucose monitoring market totals about 7.5 x 10 in the United States and is expected to grow at a rate of 10% annually. 

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

The U.S. domestic capacity of ammonium perchlorate is roughly estimated at 31,250 t/yr. The actual production varies, based on the requirements for soHd propellants. The 1994 production ran at about 11,200 t/yr, 36% of name plate capacity. Environmental effects of the decomposition products, which result from using soHd rocket motors based on ammonium perchlorate-containing propellants, are expected to keep increasing pubHc pressure until consumption is reduced and alternatives are developed. The 1995 price of ammonium perchlorate is in the range of 1.05/kg. Approximately 450 t/yr of NH ClO -equivalent cell Hquor is sold to produce magnesium and lithium perchlorate for use in the production of batteries (113). Total U.S. domestic sales and exports for sodium perchlorate are about 900 t/yr. In 1995, a solution containing 64% NaClO was priced at ca 1.00/kg dry product was also available at 1.21/kg. 

Sales of RO membrane products were as high as 118 million aimually in the late 1980s, and continued growth is expected (10). 

The relevance of photonics technology is best measured by its omnipresence. Semiconductor lasers, for example, are found in compact disk players, CD-ROM drives, and bar code scaimers, as well as in data communication systems such as telephone systems. Compound semiconductor-based LEDs utilized in multicolor displays, automobile indicators, and most recendy in traffic lights represent an even bigger market, with approximately 1 biUion in aimual sales. The trend to faster and smaller systems with lower power requirements and lower loss has led toward the development of optical communication and computing systems and thus rapid technological advancement in photonics systems is expected for the future. In this section, compound semiconductor photonics technology is reviewed with a focus on three primary photonic devices LEDs, laser diodes, and detectors. Overviews of other important compound semiconductor-based photonic devices can be found in References 75—78. 

The volume of bulk ampicillin produced was 3,700 t, valued at 260 million, and of bulk amoxicillin, 2,200 t valued at 190 million, both as the trihydrate. It was predicted that the market for bulk ampicillin was growing at 3% aimuaHy and would reach 4,160 t by 1990. Sales of amoxicillin, growing at 10% aimuaHy were predicted to reach a consumption of 2,800 t in 1990 with an average growth rate of 8%. The demand for both products is expected to reach 4,500 t by 2000 (68). 

As of early 1992, the market for ceU culture-derived products approached 1 billion per year. The market is expected to grow substantially throughout the 1990s. CeU culture products include erythropoietin, 1991 sales of approximately 400 million, for the treatment of anemia associated with kidney dialysis, and tissue plasminogen activator, 1991 sales approximately 200 million, for treating heart attack victims with blocked arteries (see Cardiovascularagents). 

In the Philippines, the sale of filled milk had become 85% of the dairy products market by the early 1970s, reflecting convenience as a purchase incentive rather than price. Filled condensed and evaporated milk has a market share of 10, 27, 54, 69, and 77% in the Netherlands, Mexico, Malaysia, Phillipines, and Thailand respectively (30). Imitation cream has an 8% market share in the United States, 11% in Spain, and 33% in Canada (30). Areas in the world expected to show the greatest growth in the sale of substitute and imitation dairy products are Canada, Ireland, and Mexico (30). 

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