Safety deficiencies, identification

Correction of safety deficiencies and inclusion of appropriate enhancements must be integrated into the design process in the early stages of project identification as well as during each phase of project development. 

System safety is an approach to accident prevention that involves the detection of deficiencies in system components that have a potential for failure or an accident. Some component deficiencies lead to failures for the entire system. System safety is the application of technical and managerial skills to the systematic, forward-looking identification and control of hazards throughout the life cycle of a system project, program or activity. People developed system safety methods especially for complex systems. 

A CTA can concentrate initially on the identification and analysis of the relationships between system hazards and safety-related operational tasks. This analysis will enable both the PHA and TAs to be checked for consistency, providing confidence in subsequent safety assurance claims. Any deficiencies -such as hazards with no related operational tasks or operational tasks (deemed as safety-related by subject matter experts) with no relationship to identified hazards -can be highlighted. 

In the planning processes, occupational health and safety management systems issues are identified, analyzed, and prioritized. Those issues are defined in the standard as hazards, risks, management system deficiencies and opportunities for improvement. After the identification and analysis process, objectives are then to be established that offer the greatest opportunities for improvement. The following steps are to draft a documented implementation plan to achieve the objectives and to allocate the necessary resources. 

Prestartup review Critical safety equipment (the sonar) was not working properly. If a presaiTaway review had been properly carried out, this deficiency weuld have been recorded and corrected. At the very least some type of hazards analysis would have helped determine if the ship was safe to sail. Also, the identification of such a deficiency would have led to the issuance of temporary operating precedures, pessibly the selection of a safer route, and training for those Invelved. 

The application of ICAM at RailCorp for incident investigation has provided the organization with a framework which enables identification of systemic health, safety and envirorunental deficiencies, assists investigation teams to identify what really went wrong, ensures recormnendations are focused on what needs to be done to prevent recmrence and is directed towards building error-tolerant defences against future incidents. 

The licensee s self critical attitude is essential to the proper use of procedures and to the identification of procedural deficiencies. If procedural deficiencies are identified, the USNRC expects appropriate changes to the procedure will be effected prior to continuing with the procedure. However, should an emergency situation arise when the time for a proper safety response does not permit changing a deficient procedure, then deviation from the procedure in the interest of plant safety is considered appropriate with proper levels of approval. 

The audit activities often find deficiencies in the completion of maintenance activities and missing links between equipment and the safety barriers (Ratnayake et al 2012). It is essential to know the links and interconnections between maintenance and technical safety disciplines. The safety analyses and identification of safety functions should be transferred to the maintenance engineers in order to classify specific equipment accordingly. Results of safety-related analyses performed by technical safety engineers should be prioritized over results of maintenance criticality analyses. Clear links should be established in order to ensure that one discipline s output can be used as input for other disciplines. The mandatory Performance Standards (PS) required by the PSA may be seen as a potential major link between safety and maintenance disciplines (Fig. 9). 

However, in many of these areas, the assessment to date does not cover all phenomena of interest, or is based on a limited number of experiments and analyses which may be insufficient to cover the scales of interest and which may be insufficient to allow identification of experiment-specific problems vs generic code problems and deficiencies. Furthermore, there has been no assessment at all of MELCOR for ex-vessel melt phenomena such as core-concrete interactions, debris bed coolability or direct containment heating (although some assessment of the new MELCOR DCH model is planned, and the core-concrete interaction model has had some inherited validation from the standalone CORCON assessment activities). And, although SNL has assessed the new ice condenser model, there has been no assessment against test data for hydrogen burns or for other engineered safety features such as containment sprays and/or fans. 

An effective procurement process to ensure that the proper parts, materials, and services are available when needed must be in place for restart. Policies should be established for the procurement of parts, materials, and services that are used in maintenance activities on important-to-safety and safety-related systems. Quality assurance procurement records need to be controlled and maintained to provide documentation for qualified parts and materials and ensure traceability of parts and materials. Deficient or nonconforming items should be resolved in an effective and timely manner. A process should be provided to qualify non-qualified material, A process of acceptable substitution should be provided to obtain parts that are no longer available. Design requirements should be reviewed by appropriate personnel to ensure the upgraded or substitute parts are consistent with the application of the part and component. Retrievable documentation should exist to support the identification of inspection and testing requirements necessary to ensure the qualification and acceptability of the part. Personnel must understand their responsibilities in regard to the implementation of the requirements of the procurement program and policies. 

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