Safety Analysis Table

The modified FMEA approach has been used by the API to develop RP14C. In this document ten different process components have been analyzed and a Safety Analysis Table (SAT) has been developed for each component. A sample SAT for a pressure vessel is shown in Table 14-4. The fact that Tables 14-3 and 14-4 are not identical is due to both the subjective natures of a Hazard Analysis and FMEA, and to the fact that RP14C is a consensus standard. However, although the rationale differs somewhat, the devices required are identical. (The gas make-up system in Table 14-4 is not really required by RP14C, as we shall see.)... 

Create a Safety Analysis Table (SAT) that lists undesirable events that could affect a component such as a pressure vessel. Such events include overpressure, low pressure (vacuum), a leak, liquid overflow, high... 

Hazard and Operability Analysis (Hazop) (Kletz, 1992) is one of the most used safety analysis methods in the process industry. It is one of the simplest approaches to hazard identification. Hazop involves a vessel to vessel and a pipe to pipe review of a plant. For each vessel and pipe the possible disturbances and their potential consequences are identified. Hazop is based on guide words such as no, more, less, reverse, other than, which should be asked for every pipe and vessel (Table 1). The intention of the quide words is to stimulate the imagination, and the method relies very much on the expertise of the persons performing the analysis. The idea behind the questions is that any disturbance in a chemical plant can be described in terms of physical state variables. Hazop can be used in different stages of process design but in restricted mode. A complete Hazop study requires final process plannings with flow sheets and PID s. 

Table 1. The elements included into some safety analysis methods. 

In Table 3 there have been presented the information requirements of the safety analysis methods in Chapter 4. It can be seen by comparing the information available (Table 2) and information requirements (Table 3) that the inherent... 

Table 2. Safety analysis methods in the different phases ofprocess plant design. 

Table 3. Information required for safety analysis methods. 

Table 26. Safety analysis for the reaction section of the acetic acid process.

The result of the safety analysis needs to be documented with an assessment of normal operation as well as the identified upsets and the measures adopted (see section D). Tables 1 and 2 can be used for identification of possible upsets (failures). 

In the UK the Joint Food Science and Safety Group of the Department of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food have published the results of many analyses for chemical contaminants in food carried out under their Food Surveillance Programme. In many cases the raw data from these surveys are available for analysis. Table 2.1 lists the results of analyses for lead in some samples of cow, sheep and pig kidney obtained in Scotland and England.5 There are clear differences between species and some evidence of differences between sampling locations. What is not clear is the extent to which the variability observed is due to real and consistent differences between species and location or to normal biological variation. 

One of the most striking observations that can be made of the peptides as a class is their remarkable safety profile. Of all of the peptides currently on the market that were investigated for this analysis (Table 22.1), there was only one observation in the chronic toxicology studies that was not linked to exaggerated pharmacology. Admittedly, our analysis is biased by the fact that only approved compounds were included however, this data set is still very instructive. The observation in question was from enfuvirtide, a 36 amino acid linear peptide derived from the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 [15,16],... 

CPQRA (Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis), tables 2.12, 2.13, p. 161, 165, Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1989. 

Constmction health and safety education for engineering students in the MENA region could be improved by incorporating a core course in the cmriculum. The suggested separate core course could be offered to both CE and AE students. A suggested course outhne is shown in Table 11.4. The suggested course contains five main topics, which were mainly deduced based on the results of the conducted practitioners survey. These topics cover safety analysis, legal issues, safety man-... 

Different solution techniques are available for the different model t)rpes with different levels of complexity, different assumptions and different effectiveness. The solution techniques available depend on model attributes. A chart of solution techniques is shown in Table D-2 for the discrete state models commonly used in reliability and safety analysis. 

This appendix presents a reliability and safety analysis of a number of programmable controller architectures. The architectures chosen represent a majority of those implemented. The architectures are listed in Table F-1. 

Table 9.1 Definitions of terms used in the safety analysis of engineered systems (expressions in brackets are often used, but do not stem from the standards [3-5] author s translation) ...

Table 8.3 Zonal safety analysis inspection sheet... 

While each different real-time system architecture provides the designer benefits and limitations, the most important aspect of the real-time system architecture for safety systems is the ability to show that the SAV is schedulable. This is particularly important for any functions associated with safety requirements. Table 9B.6 summarises the percentage of processor ntilisation that can be consnmed while still guaranteeing schednlability, and provides a qnalitative indication of the difficulty of the schedulability analysis. 

Note that many of these attributes are not solely satisfiable by reviews and inspections. Some of them lend themselves very well to being satisfied through detailed analysis. Table 9B.9 provides a summary of the snengths and weaknesses of the different S/W safety analysis techniques. 

An accident at a nuclear power plant can be caused by many combinations of anomalous initiating event, malfunction and human error. The types of possible accidental situations are studied in the specific safety analysis of each plant and the safety systems described above are designed to prevent, or mitigate the effects of all the accidents chosen as DBAs. Table 3-1 provides an approximate indication of the effectiveness of various safety systems in limiting external releases in a typical loss of coolant accident (the break of a large primary circuit pipe). The figures are for the release of iodine-131 (often assumed as the reference isotope in indicative evaluations of source terms and for a 1000 MWe reactor). As can be seen, the reduction of the releases caused by the safety systems is very significant and corresponds to a factor of the order of one million. 

Some further improvements, including some which are currently underway, which shall be finished within the next 2 years are shown in Table XII. 4. PERIODIC SAFETY ANALYSIS ... 

Used originally as a reliability tool, the FMEA is now often used to identify and prioritize safety problems associated with hardware failures. This is usually done by including a risk assessment code (RAC) in the analysis (Table 14-1). (Note When a RAC or other method of quantifying is used to identify critical safety items, some organizations and analysts call the technique failure mode and effects criticality analysis [FMECA].)... 

TABLE 2. EVENTS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE SAFETY ANALYSIS OF RBMK NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS... 

Table 2.1 presents Laplace transforms of a number of functions considered useful to perform mathematical patient safety analysis [18,19]. 

In the second method, the inherent safety index proposed by Heikkila [36] is appHed for safety analysis, which requires less information and covers lots of safety aspects [53]. Table 6.14 shows the results obtained from the inherent safety index method for both the technologies. In the inherent safety index method, the chemical inherent safety index and process inherent safety index are assigned to analyze the hazards caused by chemicals. 

TABLE 37-1 Guidelines for Scoring Certain Elements of Safety Analysis and Evaluation (shown in Figure 37-7)... 

A criticality safety analysis was carried out using a combination of experimental aw o h-tb-critical data for PuOk-UOk fuel pins similar to those to be transported in the Model 60 and computer code c dilations (see Table I). This analysis showed that a Mpdd 60 may be loaded with up to 120 FFTF driver fuel pins and that a sin e Fissile Class n shipment may consist of up to 12 loaded containers. 

In reactor safety studies of this nature, an attenqit is made to construct a table or- plot of accident consequences (isotope amounts released) vs likelihoods. The basis for this work began with Farmer, was continued in studies such as that by Otway and Erdmann, and has recently been utilized by the Atomic Energy Commission, with substantial methods development. A similar approach was used for a reprocessing plant safety analysis for a mixed-oxide fuel fabrication plant, in the transportation of nuclear materials, and in considerations of waste storage. ... 

---