Contamination equipment

In 1980, Congress deterrnined that each state should be responsible for ensuring the proper handling and disposal of commercial low level nuclear wastes generated in their states. Regional disposal sites have also been estabHshed at BamweU, South Carolina, and Ward Valley, California. These wastes are handled by Hcensed disposal faciHties where they are packaged, placed in burial trenches, and covered with soil. Less than half of the low level nuclear waste produced annually in the United States comes from nuclear power plants. Low level nuclear power plant wastes include contaminated equipment. 

Decontamination. If contaminated equipment or material does not have to be used immediately, natural aeration is an effective decontaminant procedure, as most chemical agents, including the bHster and V-agents, are volatile to a certain degree. Wind accelerates their evaporation and hastens their dissipation. Rain and dew may also cause sufficient hydrolysis of some agents. Sunlight increases the surface temperatures of military equipment and thus accelerates agent evaporation. 

Removal of potentially contaminated equipment to workshop for maintenance, introduction of non-flameproof electrical equipment into a classified area. 

SOPs that address methods for minimizing employee contact with hazardous substances or contaminated equipment [OSHA Reference, 120(k)(2)(ii)]... 

Plan necessary disposal procedures, for example, for used samples, reagents, and contaminated equipment. 

Handle all contaminated and potentially contaminated equipment and linen in a manner that will prevent cross contamination. 

Laboratory hoods will be equipped with a 20 centimeter line taken from the face of the hood. No CSM contaminated equipment should be placed in front of this line during operations. 

Hoods may be required to contain considerable amounts of equipment while maintaining a specified range of air flow at the face. Therefore, the hoods must feature several internal airflow adjustments to accommodate the localized effects of equipment placed in the airpath. The hoods should be large enough to set all work back 20 centimeters or more from the face of the hood. Access through the rear panel makes the repair of contaminated equipment much safer. 

If drug products with special precautions for contamination, such as penicillin, are involved in a compounding operation, appropriate measures, including either the dedication of equipment for such operations or the meticulous cleaning of contaminated equipment prior to its return to inventory, must be used to prevent crosscontamination. 

Nuclear wastes are sometimes divided into two categories low-level wastes and high-level wastes. The difference in these two categories is the intensity of radiation produced. Low-level wastes tend to produce relatively small amounts of radioactivity and pose moderate health problems compared with high-level wastes. About 99 percent of all low-level waste originates in nuclear power plants. Such wastes consist of protective clothing, trash, contaminated water, and contaminated equipment, such as filters. X-ray equipment, and smoke alarms. Worldwide, low-level wastes make up about 90 percent by volume of all nuclear wastes, but they account for only about 1 percent of the total radioactivity emitted by those wastes. 

Decontaksolv is a mobile autoclave/solvent extraction system for decommissioning polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminated equipment. Decontaksolv was developed and commercialized by Sanexen Environmental Services, Inc., in Canada in the 1980s. From 1985 to 1994 it was used to decontaminate 3 million kilograms of PCB-contaminated equipment. 

The technology involves raising the temperature of the contaminated equipment or material to 500°F for a specihed period of time. The gas effluent from the material is treated in an afterburner system to destroy all volatilized contaminants. The method is designed to eliminate stockpiled waste that would otherwise require disposal as a hazardous material. The HGD system can be built in a permanent position for use at a single location, or it can be built and used as a mobile unit. 

Medical and surgical equipment, orthopedic prostheses such as hip and knee joints, as well as many other biomedical products recleaned with CFC-113. In the production of plastic moldings such as syringes, spoons, bottles, and sample phials, CFC-113 may be used as a release agent. CFC-113 is also used as a carrier for ethylene oxide (ETO) in the sterilization of biologically contaminated equipment and supplies. 

Solid waste comes from the mining and milling of uranium ore and the sludge from spent fuel storage. It also includes contaminated equipment and structures. High-level solid waste includes the hulls from the dissolving of spent fuel, ion exchange resin, and the like. 

Any contaminated equipment should be cleaned using wet cleaning methods, such as a wet cloth prior to removal from the weigh hood. 

During a closure operation, all contaminated equipment, structures, and soils must be properly disposed of or decontaminated. The act of removing any hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents during closure results in the owner or operator becoming a generator of hazardous waste. The waste must be managed in... 

Wash all lightly contaminated equipment (glassware, pipettes, hose tubing, etc.) thoroughly to avoid future contamination of yourself or your experiments. 

To reduce the amoimt of produced RW, contaminated equipment and elements of contaminated constructions could be placed into reactor room and other rooms of the cut out RC imit. 

Linear expansion coefF. (°C ) Fly ash =10 1.2 X 10 Macro-encapsulation of contaminated equipment... 

Waste may be stabilized or solidified by either thermal or non thermal treatments. Thermal treatments are ideal for destmction of organic contaminants. They reduce the volume of the waste and, hence, disposal costs. They are, however, energy intensive and more expensive than nonthermal methods, and release volatile elements that need to be contained. If the waste stream contains inorganic contaminants, the residue left after the thermal treatment is often more concentrated in these contaminants because they cannot be destroyed by such treatment. They also contaminate equipment such as furnaces and filters used during the treatment, which also ultimately need proper disposal. Thus, there is... 

Precautions Ammonia gas is very toxic and poses an explosion hazard, particularly in improper storage conditions. Unprotected industrial workers should avoid all contact with ammonia gas and use of contaminated equipment. Ammonia gas should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, out of direct sunlight, away from heat and ignition sources, and away from flammable material. Always use chemical safety goggles, a face shield for skin protection, chemical protective gloves, coveralls, boots, and/or other chemical protective clothing. 

This phase includes contact with the pesticide after application, e.g. by contact with contaminated equipment and surfaces, or contact with treated surfaces and materials, or by entering treated environments. Anyone remaining in the treated area may be subject to exposure long after the application has been completed from residues remaining in the air, residues on surfaces such as the floor or... 

Few conclusive studies have identified the source or spread of Brettanomyces within the vineyard except for use of contaminated equipment. Contaminated and improperly sanitized crush equipment, drains, barrels, transfer hoses, valves, pumps, and bottling equipment can all act as sources for further infection (33). Harper (67) found the interior surface of plastic (polyvinyl chloride, polyethene, and plasticised nylon) pipes used commonly in the brewing industry maintained a variety of bacteria and yeast populations, including Brettanomyces. 

The parasites which cause plant diseases may be spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, snails, slugs, and earthworms, transplant soil, nursery grafts, vegetative propagation (especially in strawberries, potatoes, and many flowers and ornamentals), contaminated equipment and tools, infected seed stock, pollen, dust storms, irrigation water, and people. Figure 3.8 illustrates the effects of microbial infection of various fruit trees. 

Materials which may affect other materials stored in their vicinity should be handled in accordance with a written procedure. Rodenticides, insecticides, fumigating agents and sanitizing materials should not be permitted to contaminate equipment, starting materials, packaging materials, in-process materials or finished products. Toxic substances and flammable materials should be clearly marked as such and should be stored in suitably designed, separate, enclosed areas as required by national legislation. Flammable substances should be kept away from corrosive or oxidant substances at all times. 

---