Safely natural ventilation

After the fire, the pump (and others) was relocated in the open air, under a canopy, so that small leaks would be dispersed by natural ventilation. It was surrounded by a steam curtain to disperse larger leaks. This would not have been necessary if the pump could have been located more than 150 m from sources of ignition. Gas detectors were installed to give early warning of any leaks. Emergency isolation valves (Section 7.2.1) were provided so that the pumps could be isolated safely from a distance [9]. What happened when another leak occurred is described in Section 7.2.1 (d). 

Mechanical ventilation See Powered ventilation. Natural ventilation A ventilation system in which air movement is produced through purpose-designed openings by natural forces (wind and thermal buoyancy). Occupational Exposure Standards OES) Limits of concentration of airborne toxic contaminants, listed by the Health and Safety Executive which are regarded as safe for prolonged exposure for 8 hours per day. 

You are exploring an old silver mine whose approximate volume is 10,000 m. The radon level in the air is fairly high at 25 pCi/liter. While this is not a very safe level, it does suggest a means to determine the natural ventilation rate of the mine. You determine that the somce strength of radon in the mine is 0.5 pCi/(liter hr). Calculate the rate (liter/hr) at which radon-free outside air circulates into the mine. 

Appropriate gas/vapour/fume/pressure venting, e.g. flame arrestors, scrubbers, absorbers, stacks Ensure adequate natural or forced general ventilation of the storage area Provide adequate, safe lighting... 

Safe Havens. When accidental releases of a toxic gas occur or threaten to occur, the immediate protection of on-site personnel is of paramount importance. One resource available for this purpose is a building or room that by the nature of its construction and its heating and ventilating characteristics can prevent the infiltration of intolerable concentrations of the toxic substance. The best location for a safe haven is determined by an engineering... 

Methane A potentially explosive gas formed naturally from the decay of vegetative matter, similar to that which formed coal. Methane, which is the principal component of natural gas, is frequently encountered in underground coal mining operations and is kept within safe limits through the use of extensive mine ventilation systems. 

Selecting the correct combination of antioxidants is specific to the elastomer polymer type as well as the compound formulation and the end use application. It is important to note that many of these materials may be considered toxic or hazardous in nature. Chemical specific Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be consulted for safe handling practices. Particular attention should be given to the proper selection and use of personal protective equipment, including proper ventilation and/or the use of respiratory protection. The MSDS will also provide information on how to handle spills and proper disposal procedures. Disposal methods should not be overlooked since these chemicals are all regulated, and hence waste disposal must conform to EPA and local disposal regulations. Refer to Rubber Oxidation. (Source Handbook of Polymer Science and Technology Volume 2 - Performance Properties of Plastics and Elastomers, N. P. Cheremisinoff - editor, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1989). 

In evaluating confined space accidents in the past, certain scenarios seem to continuously occur. These included the failure to recognize an area as a confined space failure to test, evaluate, and monitor for hazardous atmospheres failure to train workers regarding safe entry and failure to establish rescue procedures. At times, either natural or mechanical ventilation is enough to make the space safe, which can be provided prior to confined space entry. Appropriate atmospheric tests must be performed to check for oxygen deficiency, explosive concentrations, and toxic substances in the confined space before entry. The atmosphere inside the confined space mnst be frequently tested or continuously monitored during the conduct of work. 

The most important means of protecting workers exposed to potentially toxic materials is the development of a safe code of practice, as has been emphasized elsewhere in this volume. It should be an accepted part of any code of practice that exposures will be kept as low as is reasonably practicable. Wherever possible, exposure should be limited by the provision of adequate ventilation, but if this is impossible because of the nature of the work, then proper protective equipment must be available. It is unwise to eat or drink in areas where potentially toxic materials are handled, and if lead is a known hazard, eating and drinking should under no circumstances be allowed in the areas where exposure may... 

The collection of experiments from chemists around the globe illustrates the broad and rich principles of silicon chemistry. All are educators and want to share their knowledge and passion for silicon chemistry. I am very thankful for their wonderful contributions. The authors of these experiments have taken great care to describe the equipment and nature of the substances employed however, as with all chemical experiments, care should be taken in handling hazardous materials in an appropriate manner in a well-ventilated hood. The experiments are intended for advanced students working in a safe laboratory environment under qualified supervision. 

Becanse of the potential for incomplete eombustion, and the highly toxic nature of some of the reaction products, correct air flow and ventilation are crucial in maintaining a safe and efficient fireplace. Between 1999 and 2004, an average of 439 persons died annually from unintentional, non-fire-related CO poisoning (range 400 in 1999 to 473 in 2003) [6]. 

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