Safe Systems accountability

It is important that SRVs ultimately be selected by people who have a complete knowledge of all the pressure-relieving requirements of the process to be protected, as described in Section 2.3, taking into account the connecting piping and installation conditions of the valve (Section 7.6). They must also understand local code requirements and be aware of what is available on the market in order to select the correct valve for the correct application, ensuring a safe system. 

Eight case studies were selected for application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework and OHS management assessment tool. The risk ranking exercise was conducted as a two stage process firstly without taking into account interventions that were already in place so that areas of vulnerability could be identified should any of the current control measures fail (the raw hazard profile) secondly, an assessment... 

A safe system of work is a considered method of working that takes proper account of the potential hazards to employees, and others such as visitors and contractors, and provides a formal framework to ensure that all steps necessary for safe working have been anticipated and implemented. 

In simple terms, a safe system of work is a defined method for doing a job in a safe way. It takes account of all foreseeable hazards to health and safety and seeks to eliminate or minimize these. Safe systems of work are normally formal and documented, for example, in written operating procedures but, in some cases, they may be verbal. 

Ensure safe system of work provided, taking account of prevailing conditions including weather, traffic and existing structures. Provide suitable PPE as required and ensure its correct use. Inspect excavations daily or before each shift. Record thorough examination. Ensure personnel selected are capable, fit and experienced unless under direct supervision. COSHH assessments are to be made of substances likely to be found or produced during the work. 

The procedural controls developed in the creation of the safe system of work will also have to take into account technical control measures including design features such as the use of guards on cutting equipment, noise reduction systems and workplace modifications. Each of these will be supported by behavioural controls which address the individual in terms of selection and training, which are included In the safe person approach . 

Control - the control(s) for each task v/ill take the above factors into account, and will include any necessary review of design and installation, training, introduction of written safe working procedures to minimise risk (which is known as a safe system of work), allocation of supervisory responsibilities, and necessary allocation of finances. 

Fragile materials must be identified before work begins. Where identified, a risk assessment must be carried out in order to provide a safe system of work which complies vdth the guidance in HSG 33, and which takes into account the nature of the work, access/egress and the need for protection of the area below. 

One important foundation stone is to get the key institutions within road transport (road builders, traffic managers, vehicle makers, transport planners, etc.) to develop generative safety cultures internally. While Safe System thinking requires institutions such as road and traffic authorities to accept a level of accountability far greater than ever applied historically, this still falls fundamentally short of the generative safety cultures that can be found in the industrial field. 

In Chapter 6 we lauded the evolution of Safe System as the conceptual approach underpinning the development of modem traffic safety strategies. We also noted a persistent gap between knowledge of Safe System principles at the political and bureaucratic level and the acceptance of their implications for policy and practice. We speculated that the apparently high costs of implementation and the need to accept public accountability for outcomes make road trauma an inconvenient truth for governments throughout much of the Western motorised world. 

Details a simple account of the concept of a "Safe System" (as now promoted by the WHO and the OECD) while exploring the failure to get beyond the principles to extensive implementation... 

Five barriers that account for the differences between less safe and ultra-safe systems [44]. 

The most logical suming point in tlie safety design approach is to select a site where tlie number of undesirable weather and topograpltic conditions is limited. Adequate utilities and support systems plus fire protection service arc also required for a safe eiiviromnent. Chapter 5 presented a detailed account of phuit site selection and layout. These features will now be considered from a safety point of view. The following guidelines should be observed in dctcrniining a site tliat is favorable for tlie efficient tuid economical operation of the process. 

Parametric sensitivity analysis showed that for nonreactive systems, the adsorption equilibrium assumption can be safely invoked for transient CO adsorption and desorption, and that intrapellet diffusion resistances have a strong influence on the time scale of the transients (they tend to slow down the responses). The latter observation has important implications in the analysis of transient adsorption and desorption over supported catalysts that is, the results of transient chemisorption studies should be viewed with caution, if the effects of intrapellet diffusion resistances are not properly accounted for. 

For small vessels and slow reactions, corrections must be made because of the heat content of the reaction vessel itself. For large-scale reaction vessels and for rapid reactions, the system will be close to adiabatic operations. This aspect must be taken into account in scale-up. In effect, the extrapolation of data obtained in small-scale equipment has limitations as discussed in [193]. In case of a runaway, the maximum temperature in the reaction system is obtained from the adiabatic temperature rise, that is, Tmax = (Tr + ATad). In reality, the adiabatic temperature rise is significantly underestimated if other exothermic reaction mechanisms occur between Tr and (Tr + ATad). Therefore, a determination must be made to see if other exothermic events, which may introduce additional hazards during a runaway, occur in the higher temperature range. This can determine if a "safe operating envelope" exists. 

Aliphatic AEOs, considered as environmentally safe surfactants, are the most extensively used non-ionic surfactants. The commercial mixtures consist of homologues with an even number of carbon atoms ranging typically from 12 to 18 or of a mixture of even-odd linear and a-substituted alkyl chains with 11—15 carbons. Furthermore, each homologue shows an ethoxymer distribution accounting typically for 1—30 ethoxy units with an average ethoxylation number in the range 5—15. The separation of the AEO complex mixtures was achieved by reversed-phase and normal-phase chromatographic systems [74—76]. 

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