Safe handling

Knowing about half-lives is importeuit because it enables you to determine when a sample of radioactive material is safe to handle. The rule is that a sample is saie when its radioactivity has dropped below detection limits. And that occurs at 10 half-lives. So, if radioactive iodine-131 = 8 days) is injected into the body to treat thyroid cancer, it ll be gone in 10 half-lives, or 80 days. 

This stuff is important to know when using radioactive isotopes as medical tracers, which are taken into the body to allow doctors to trace a pathway or find a blockage, or in cancer treatments. They need to be active long enough to treat the condition, but they should also have a short enough half-life so that they don t injure healthy cells and organs. 

---

Great care should be taken to keep dichlorophenylarsine, alone or in solution, from the hands if this precaution is observed, the cold liquid is easily and safely handled. The vapour from the hot liquid, or a fine spray of liquid itself, is poisonous if inhaled these conditions should not however arise in the above experiment. 

Safe handling techniques enable the transport liquid fluorine by the ton. 

Normal precautions for chemicals of mild toxicity are appHcable to the safe handling and storage of commercial tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Discoloration in storage rarely occurs if the proper precautions are observed prevention of exposure to air wiH prevent autoxidation. The Hst price of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (1997) is 1.15/lb. 

Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-43, Properties and Essential Information for Safe Handling and Use of Acetaldehyde Manufacturiug Chemists Association, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1952. 

In normal practice, good ventilation to reduce exposure to vapors, splash-proof goggles to avoid eye contact, and protective clothing to avoid skin contact are required for the safe handling of acrylic monomers. A more extensive discussion of these factors should be consulted before handling these monomers (67). 

Safe handling practices are essential at all stages of production, from the laboratory to the manufacturing operations. The safety committee should inspect and advise on processing equipment and be responsible for providing personal protection, eye wash fountains, safety showers, etc. 

In general, the acute toxicity of halogenated flame retardants is quite low. Tables 11—14 contain acute toxicity information from various manufacturers material safety data sheets (MSDS) for some of the flame retardants and intermediates Hsted in the previous tables. The latest MSDS should always be requested from the suppHer in order to be assured of having up-to-date information about the toxicity of the products as well as recommendations regarding safe handling. 

E. A. Ranken and C. V. Bor2ileri, "The Safe Handling of Eluoriue," Health and Safety Manual, Supplement 21.12, University of California, Lawrence... 

R. L. Earrar, Safe Handling of Chlorine Trifluoride, report K-1416, U.C.C. Nuclear Company, Oak Ridge, Term., 1960. 

Although it is widely recognized as a hazardous substance, large volumes of HF are safely manufactured, shipped, and used, and have been for many years. Excellent manuals describing equipment and procedures for the safe handling of hydrogen fluoride are available from manufacturers (16,17,42). 

Safe Handling Guide, Teflon Fluorocarbon Resins, du Pont Materials for Wire and Cable, bulletin E-85433, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1986. 

In general, the PCTFE resins have been found to be low in toxicity and irritation potential under normal handling conditions. Specific toxicological information and safe handling procedures are provided by the manufacturer of specified PCTFE products upon request. 

J. Scheme , ASTM Manual on Zirconium and Hafnium, ASTM STP 639, American for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1977. Covers safe handling of hafnium metal. 

Organic Peroxides Their Safe Handling and Use, Technical Bulletin 30.40, Organic Peroxides, Elf Atochem North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.,... 

Most iron salts and compounds may be safely handled following common safe laboratory practices. Some compounds are irritants. A more serious threat is ingestion of massive quantities of iron salts which results in diarrhea, hemorrhage, fiver damage, heart damage, and shock. A lethal dose is 200 250 mg/kg of body weight. The majority of the victims of iron poisoning are children under five years of age. 

The lanthanides are considered only slightly toxic in the Hodge-Stemer classification system and are safely handled with ordinary care (15). Inhalation of rare-earth vapors or dust should be avoided, and the skin washed thoroughly if it comes into contact with any dust or solution. 

S. E. Housh and J. S. Waltrip, Safe Handling of Magnesium Alloys, paper no. 900786, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, Mich., 1990. 

Health and Safety Factors (Toxicology). No special precautions are necessary in the handling of malonic acid beyond normal safe handling measures. Due to its acidity malonic acid is classified as a mild irritant (skin irritation, rabbits). The LD q value (oral, rats) for malonic acid is 2750 mg/kg. Transport classification RID/ADR, IMDG-Code, lATA/lCAO not restricted. 

For off-site transportation, the phosphoms is loaded into railcars for transfer to the sites where it is used directly as a raw material or burned and hydrated to phosphoric acid. During shipping, the phosphoms is allowed to soHdify in the cars. The railcars are commonly double walled with a jacket that can be heated with steam or hot water so that the phosphoms can be remelted on-site for transloading to local storage tanks. For overseas shipping, tanktainers with reinforced superstmcture for safe handling are used. Formerly, full tanker ships were in use. 

Safe Handling of Color Pigments, 1st ed., Color Pigments Manufacturers Association, Inc., 1993. 

Safe Handling of Plutonium, A Panel Report, Safety Series No. 38, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1974. 

L. R. Kehnan, W. D. Wilkinson, A. B. Shuck, and R. C. Goert2, The Safe Handling ofRadioactire Pyrophoric Materials ANL-5509, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, lU., 1955. 

Most aHyl compounds are toxic and many are irritants. Those with a low boiling point are lachrymators. Precautions should be taken at aH times to ensure safe handling (59). AHyl compounds are harmful and may be fatal if inhaled, swaHowed, or absorbed through skin. They are destmctive to the tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin (Table 4). 

The alkyls and aryls, R3AI (in monomer form), are colorless Hquids or low melting soHds easily oxidized and hydrolyzed when exposed to the atmosphere. Triethylalurninum (TEA), one of the most commercially important members of this family of chemicals, is so reactive it bursts into flame on contact with air, ie, it is pyrophoric, and it reacts violently with water. This behavior is typical and special techniques are necessary for the safe handling and use of organoalurninum compounds. 

Safe Handling and Storage, DETDA Product BuUefin, Ethyl Corporation, 1985. 

Handling of Amines. Regulations governing the safe handling and shipping of amines in interstate commerce are given in U.S. Department of Transportation pubHcations (71). Specific information on the safe handling and hazards associated with a particular amine can be found in the Material Safety Data Sheet for that material. For further information on the safety of industrial material see also references 72 and 73. 

---