Rust, wheat

Escape Shorter crop growth period and/or early ripening to be able to avoid the critical infestation period, or to have enough yield before the infestation becomes too severe (potato/late blight onion/downy mildew carrot/carrot fly) One or more monofactorial and multifactorial, durable resistance traits against pest and disease affecting yield and/or quality (scab/apple, late blight/potato, lettuce/downy mildew, yellow and brown leaf rust/wheat) weed competition by an allelochemical ability... 

Paul, V. (1982) Studies on the Effect of Bayleton on Pathogen-sis of Brown Rust Wheat (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 35, 229 - 246. 

P. viticola downy mildew grape leaf P. recondita leaf rust wheat leaf... 

Eyespot Mieat Mildew Wheat and barley Septoria spp. Wheat Yellow rust Wheat Brown rust Wheat and barley Rhynchosporium Barley Net blotch Barley... 

Wheat leaf Wheat protein Wheat stem rust Wheatstone bridgf Wheel-balancing weight ... 

Pectins and pectinases in stem rust-infected wheat... 

Solutions of different pectic substances were injected into healthy wheat plants, with or without the glycoproteogalactan elicitor, and the activities of the enzymes PAL and POD were determined. These enzymes are involved in the hypersensitive reaction of wheat against the rust fungus, and increased activities can be expected after elicitation, whereas suppressor active substances will cause a reduction of the elicitor-induced enzyme activities. 

Pesticides affect the content of microelements and other substances in plants, thus changing their nutritive value, as well as their ability to be stored. This was detected for OCPs in grain and legume harvests. For example, wheat crops treated with some fungicides (zineb, bayleton, and propicanazol) to fight stem rust (Puccirda) produce a lower quality of bread [3]. 

United States Department of Agriculture. Office of Pest Management National Plant Disease Recovery System. "Recovery Plan for Leaf Rust, Stem Rust, and Stripe Rust of Wheat Caused by Puccinia triticina, Puccinia graminis, and Puccinia striiformis, Respectively." August 28,2006. 

Macek, K.J., M.A. Lindberg, S. Sauter, K.S. Buxton, and P.A. Costa. 1976. Toxicity of Four Pesticides to Water Fleas and Fathead Minnows. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep EPA-600/3-76-099. 57 pp. Macko, V., J.A.A. Renwick, and J.F. Rissler. 1978. Acrolein induces differentiation of infection structures in the wheat stem rust fungus. Science 199 442-443. 

Yarwood and hfiddleton reported the first protective effects in 1954. Little more was done until about 1968. Protection of plants from ozone has been shown in several instances rust infection of wheat Botrytis cinerea on broad bean Pseudomonas phaseolicola on pinto bean mosaic virus on tobacco three tobacco viruses (R. A. Reinert, personal communication) and mosaic virus on bean. In the latter two cases, protection was reported without visible symptoms of the virus. This may be a general phenomenon, inasmuch as some protection was reported with very mild symptoms by Brennan and Leone. This protective action has generally been ascribed to the production of a... 

Wheat stem rust Fewer infections by urediospores 0.06 ppm 6 h 177... 

Lignin Biosynthesis in Stem Rust Infected Wheat... 

Highly resistant wheat varieties exhibit a typical hypersensitive response when infected with an avirulent race of the stem rust fungus. Host cells which are penetrated by a fungal haustorium undergo rapid necrotization, thus depriving the biotrophic parasite of its nutritional basis. 

We will now consider the evidence that has accumulated to show the participation of lignification in the hypersensitive resistance of wheat to the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. 

When highly resistant wheat varieties are inoculated with an avirulent race of the stem rust fungus, fungal growth is arrested by the hypersensitive death of the first penetrated host cells (30,31.) Even in very densely inoculated leaves, the reaction of less than one percent of the host cells is sufficient to stop further development of the parasite. This small percentage may be the reason, why no increased content of biochemically determined lignin was measured in infected hypersensitive wheat leaves (60,61). 

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