Pinto bean

In the laboratory, we succeeded in raising Utetheisa on two alternative artificial diets, one made up with Crotalaria seeds and containing the PA monocrotaline (CS diet), the other based on pinto beans and devoid of PA (PB diet). On the assumption that the PB diet-raised moths, which we proved to be PA-free, would be vulnerable to predation, we took moths... 

PA PB diet Ph-I==0 PN FPIase pyrrolizidine alkaloid pinto bean-based diet iodosylbenzene projection neuron peptidylprolyl isomerase... 

Fractions Soybeans Peanuts Glandless Cottonseed Sunflower Seed Sesame Navy Beans Pinto Beans... 

Figure 5. In vitro protein digestibility (%) for fractions of raw and roasted navy and pinto beans.

Cake Donuts. The effects of 0-30% substitution of dry-roasted air-classified navy, pinto or black protein flour for wheat flour on the physical and sensory qualities of cake donuts were investigated. In general, fat absorption decreased as the level of substitution increased with the pinto bean variable having the lowest values. An increase of navy bean and pinto protein levels decreased donut height after the 10% level. The donuts with pinto bean protein exhibited less spread than the other bean type donut variables. Navy bean protein produced a more tender donut than the other bean types. The control donut and those with navy bean protein were the lightest in color, followed by pinto and black bean protein donuts,... 

Hoover, R. and Ratnayake, W. S. (2002). Starch characteristics of black bean, chick pea, lentil, navy bean and pinto bean cultivars grown in Canada. Food Chem. 78, 489-498. 

Oxidants reduce yields of many plants, especially sensitive cultivars. Chronic exposures to concentrations between 0.05 and 0.15 ppm will reduce soybean, com, and radish yields. The threshold appears to be between 0.05 and 0.1 ppm for some sensitive cultivars—well within values monitored in the eastern United States. Growth or flowering effects on carnation, geranium, radish, and pinto bean have been found at chronic exposures to ozone at 0.05-0.15 ppm. Estimated costs to consumers of agricultural losses from oxidant damage are several hundred million dollars a year. 

Todd reported that the respiration of pinto bean leaves was stimulated by exposure to ozone (at 4 ppm for 40 min). The first measurements were 4 h after the ozone exposure. The respiration rate later declined to the control value. In all cases, increased respiration correlated well with visible injury. MacdowalP confirmed these results, but made an additional observation during the first hour after ozone exposure (at 0.7 ppm for 1 h), and before visible symptoms appeared, respiration was inhibited. The increase in respiration took place only later, when visible symptoms appeared. Dugger and Palmer" reported an increase in respiration in lemon leaf tissue after 5 days of exposure to ozone at 0.15-0.25 ppm for 8 h/day. They reported no morphologic changes at that time. Anderson and Taylor S found that ozone induced carbon dioxide evolution in tobacco callus tissue. The threshold for evolution was about 0.1 ppm for 2 h in the sensitive Bel W,. The ozone concentration required for maximal carbon dioxide evolution was about twice as much in the more resistant cultivar. Formation of roots decreased sensitivity. 

Chang has made observations on the polysomes of pinto bean leaves exposed to ozone (at 0.35 ppm for 20-50 min). He found that the chloroplast polysomes were more susceptible to oxidation than was the cytoplasmic ribosomes. The sulfhydryl content of the chloroplast ribosomes was also much more susceptible to oxidation than was that of the cytoplasmic ribosomes. Finally, it was found that the effects of ozone on ribosome composition could be reproduced by p-mer-curicbenzoate. Chang s results imply that either ozone itself or a product of ozone oxidation passes from the cytoplasmic membrane to the interior of the chloroplast before having its effect. These results connect with a number of papers on the oxidation of sulfhydryl compounds by ozone. Tomlinson and Rich have reported decreases in leaf sulfhydryl groups after ozone exposure (at 1 ppm for 30-60 min). 

Physiologic Effects Leaf age and illumination have been studied as physiologic and physical factors that affect the response of plants to PAN. Leaves of most plants are most susceptible when very young. In primary leaves of pinto bean, the period of maximal susceptibility to PAN precedes that for ozone by several days (about 5-7 days from seed for PAN, as opposed to 9-13 days for ozone). The example of tomato is particularly striking, inasmuch as the terminal leaflet of the compound leaf is the oldest tissue. Thus, the youngest susceptible leaf is affected in the terminal leaflet but, as the leaves become older, the terminal leaflet is resistant and the lateral leaflets are injured. ... 

Dugger et found a direct correlation between the sensitivity of pinto bean to PAN and increasing light intensity. Pinto bean required light just before, during, and after a PAN exposure for injury to oc-cur. This was not true with exposure to ozone, although some light period was necessary. 

Generally, plants are more sensitive to ozone when grown at lower light intensities. This was shown for pinto bean and tobacco, ... 

Early reports suggested a positive correlation between plant response to ozone and increasing exposure temperature, to about 30 C. These results were shown for pinto bean when exposures were under green-... 

TABLE 11-13 The Interaction of Ozone and Salinity on Biomass of Pinto Bean Exposed to Ozone"... 

Dunning et found that pinto bean and soybean were more... 

Oxidant air pollutants exist as parts of a complex mixture of gases, many of which may be phytotoxic. However, expect for ambient-air studies and simulated photochemical-oxidant studies, little research was done with pollutant combinations until the classic work of Menser and Heggestad in 1966. It is of interest that Thomas et suggested that sulfur dioxide might lessen the effect of oxidants in causing foliar injury to pinto bean. Middleton et working with ratios of sulfur... 

Other combinations of pollutants with ozone, PAN, or both may be important, but have received little study. Matsushima reported additive foliar effects on pinto bean and tomato from a mixture of sulfur dioxide and PAN and a less than additive effect on tomato from mixtures of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Fujiwara reported a greater than additive effect on pea from a mixture of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Kress and Kohut studied the response of hybrid poplar to ozone-PAN mixtures. Kress used sequential exposures and found a greater than additive effect after most exposures after others, he reported mixed responses. Kohut used simultaneous exposure and found all three responses in three replicates of a study. The reasons for these variations are unclear. 

Yarwood and hfiddleton reported the first protective effects in 1954. Little more was done until about 1968. Protection of plants from ozone has been shown in several instances rust infection of wheat Botrytis cinerea on broad bean Pseudomonas phaseolicola on pinto bean mosaic virus on tobacco three tobacco viruses (R. A. Reinert, personal communication) and mosaic virus on bean. In the latter two cases, protection was reported without visible symptoms of the virus. This may be a general phenomenon, inasmuch as some protection was reported with very mild symptoms by Brennan and Leone. This protective action has generally been ascribed to the production of a... 

Tobacco mosaic virus More infections on pinto bean 0.30 ppm 6 h 39... 

A graphic expression was developed for pinto bean and Bel tobacco exposure to ozone by Heck and Dunning. Later work with a number of plants permitted the development of a simplistic model derived as an empirical relationship between ozone concentration, time, and response this gave a reasonable interpretation of acute response up through a single 8-h exposure. It also permitted the development of a reasonable acute threshold concentration for a number of species. The equation was a variant of the O Gara equation for sulfur dioxide and is shown as... 

FIGURE 11-4 Percentage leaf injury in pinto bean plants exposed to various ozone concentrations for various durations—concentration plotted vs. exposure duration, m, m, where m, geometric mean concentration for a particular exposure duration mgh irtf for 1 h r time, in hours and p > slope of injury line on logarithmic paper. Reprinted with permission from Larsen and Ifedc. ... 

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