Digits, rounded

Vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) have been used since 1970. At the start they were in the form of single-digit round tubes, then multidigit tubes were developed, followed by flat multidigit panels.27 These devices are now used in a wide range of applications, including audio and video equipment, home electronics, office equipment, and in road vehicles.28... 

In each case, the digits rounded are changed to nonsignificant zeros, not dropped. 

Returns a random number within a specified range. Converts an Arabic number to Roman numerals. Rounds a number to a specified number of digits. Rounds a number down. 

If the digits to the right of the last significant figure are a 5 followed by a nonzero digit, round up the last significant figure. 

Random noise fluctuations (including digitization round-off). 

Note that the answers have been rounded to three significant digits. Since the even-tempered formula is only an approximation, this does not introduce any significant additional error. 

Previously published and 1994 data aie rounded off by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to three significant digits and may not add to totals shown. Table includes data available through July 5, 1995. 

Round-off errors. These are the consequence of using a number specified by m correct digits to approximate a number which requires more than m digits for its exacd specification. For example, approximate the irrational number V2 by I.4I4. Such errors are often... 

The analyst can then calculate the total probability of failure (Ft) by summing the probability of all failure paths (Fi-s). The probability of a specific path is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each success and failure limb in that path. Note The probabilities of success and failure sum to 1.0 for each branch point. For example, the probability of Error B is 0.025 and the probability of Success b is 0.975.) Table 5.2 summarizes the calculations of the HRA results, which are normally rounded to one significant digit after the intermediate calculations are completed. 

Table 6-1 lists the experimental quantities, k, T, ct, the transformed variables x, y, and the weights w. (It is necessary, in least-squares calculations, to carry many more digits than are justified by the significant figures in the data at the conclusion, rounding may be carried out as appropriate.) The sums required for the solution of the normal equations are... 

More digits are retained in such presentations than are required to express the experimental precision in order that rounding errors be minimized. 

If the digits to be discarded are less than- -500. . . .leave the last digit unchanged. Masses of 23.315 g and 23.487 g both round off to 23 g if only two significant digits are required. 

Note Atomic masses shown here are 1999 values, rounded to 4 digits. 

Rounding off In calculations, round up if the last digit is above 5 and round down if it is below 5. 

For numbers ending in 5, always round to the nearest even number. For example, 2.35 rounds to 2.4 and 2.65 rounds to 2.6. In a calculation with multiple steps, round off only in the final step if possible, carry all digits in the memory of the calculator until that stage. 

The second significant digit in (underlined) corresponds to the third decimal place of Xmean- In reporting this result, one should round as follows ... 

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