Risk Mapping

Risk map. (From Elkins, D. et al.. Identifying and assessing supply chain risk, in Supply Chain Risk Management, Handfield, R.B. and McCormack, K.B., eds., Auerback Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2008a, Chapter 3.) 

The risk events that fall into the red square have high chances of happening with high impact. Hence, they deserve the most and immediate attention for risk intervention. Risk events that fall into the green square need the least attention in terms of risk management. However, they do require some monitoring. 

Given next are examples of risk events and their classifications. (Note The examples are merely illustrative and should not be construed as hard-and-fast rules for risk mapping classification). 

Logistics provider failure (yellow) Equipment breakdown (green) 

Product returns from customers (green) Temporary work stoppages (yellow) Computer virus (yellow/green) 

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Once the preliminary analysis is completed, it is necessary to integrate it into a more complete analysis in which it will play an essential part. The results of this analysis are formalised by creating a risk profile or risk map. 

Verro et al. [53] evaluated the risk associated with the presence of alachlor herbicide in surface waters (released by drift and runoff) from Lombardia region (Northern Italy). They applied a GIS-based model for representing the obtained PECs in risk maps showing a static image of a worst-case simulation in each river subbasin. 

Modelling of levels and atmospheric transport of drugs of abuse in the urban environment results from ambient levels of dmgs of abuse within the city could be introduced in dispersion models for simulate atmospheric transport of these substances in urban environments. This methodology can be combined with health population data and other tools such as GIS-based systems in order to generate health-risk maps. 

GIS and risk maps are useful tools, but they are not standard methods or a panacea to conduct spatially explicit risk assessments. Woodbury (2003) described the following do s and don ts that help to improve the credibility of spatially explicit environmental risk assessments. 

Risk maps do not need any peculiar mapping technique to be produced, but are based on the reclassification of geochemical data, represented as dots or interpolated, by means of TAL established by law for each element of concern. The main aim of a risk map is to highlight zones of urban areas that are in excess of TAL values and hence require potential remediation. It should be noted, however, that background values (unaffected by anthropogenic input) may exceed TAL values in some circumstances. 

Risk management is very important if appropriate resources are to be deployed in a timely fashion to mitigate or reduce the potential effect of identified risks. It is recommended that a risk map be produced showing where computer systems are used to support the various process streams of operational activity. 

The rigor of validation for computer systems supporting these critical operational aspects of the processes should take account of their composite custom (bespoke) software, COTS software, and supporting computer network infrastructure. The risk map and supporting rationales will form the basis of Validation (Master) Plans that are discussed in more detail later in this book. 

Figure 3-8. Seismic risk map ot the United Slates. Reproduced Irom the Uniform Building Code, 1997 Edition. Copyright 1997, with permission of the publisher,...

EXMHf 28.15 Risk Map of the Euro Component of the Merrill Lynch Large Cap Index as of 30 November 2002... 

Figure 1.5-1 Seismic Risk Map of the United States (ICBO 1994).1-27...

The probability and consequence scales shown in Table 4 have been used to per form risk analysis for each of the undesired events. The risk mapping is performed having one specimen of the component archetype in mind. 

From Fig. 3 is can be seen that events 10 and 11 are identified as being the most critical with regards to safety in our risk mapping. 

The risk mappings for all component archetypes has been subject for evaluation and discussions among the experts, concerning whether they give an intuitively right picture for risks related to the different components risks which we want to control through prescribing maintenance actions. 

This risk mapping shows that at least three asset categories ((W, E), (S, E) and (W, C)) contain elements with medium to hi safety risk. Using company s asset information, a total mnnber of approximately 5000 switch-disconnectors are analysed. Table 3 and Figure 4 show the distribution of the total number of... 

Basta, C, J.M.M. Neuvel, S. Zlatanova and B. Ale. Risk-maps informing land-use planning processes - A survey on the Netherlands and the United Kingdom recent developments. Journal of Hazardous Materials 145 (2007) 241-249. 

To determine the SIL that should be achieved by components that realize safety functions the lEC 61508 provides several systematic approaches, e.g. risk graph, risk map and quantitative probabilistic analysis. In the case of the risk graph out of the following parameters of hazardous events the SIL can be determined consequence, fi equency and exposure time, possibility of avoiding hazard and probability of unwanted occurrence. 

There are minor differences between the two decision processes. The SSCl is determined in a more qualitative way by using two factors, i.e. hazard severity and software autonomy. The SIL should he determined in a quantitative probabilistic way by computing the risks of the system and comparing with accepted risk levels. Thus the necessary risk reduction is determined which in tun determines the rehahhity requirement for the safety function. Risk graphs (see section 2.2) and risk maps are rather considered as qualitative estimation methods by lEC 61508. Finally we mention that the AOP 52 presents in chapter 11 in total 6 case studies where 3 are taken fi om the ammunition domain. Such specific examples are not available in the lEC 61508. 

FN-curves and individual risk maps are useful tools for demonstrating the effects of a wide variety of risk reduction measures on fatality risks. They can thereby be used to facilitate the choice between alternative flood risk management strategies. Broadly speaking, there are three types of strategies to mitigate flood risks ... 

The software tool is already able to get the data in the form which is available for probabilities averaging through the frequency of single meteorological situations and for individual risk maps creation. The output possibilities are developed to correspond with... 

Any special aspect of hazard can be mapped, provided there is sufficient information on its distribution. Hence, when hazard and risk assessments are made over a large area, the results can be expressed in the form of hazard and risk maps. An ideal hazard map should... 

Risk mapping is a subjective process where the risks are broadly classified based on risk occurrence and risk impact. Risk occurrence measures the likelihood of that risk event happening and is subjectively assessed as high or low. Risk impact is used as an all-embracing term that covers financial loss, market share, stock prices, etc. Risk impact is also assessed subjectively as high or low. Based on the assessment of risk occurrence and risk impact, a 2 x 2 matrix of risk map can be constructed as shown in Figure 7.1 (Elkins et al., 2008a). 

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