Rhinitis studies

Berger WE, Fineman SM, Lieberman P, Miles RM. Double-bhnd trials of azelastine nasal spray monotherapy versus combination therapy with loratadine tablets and beclomethasone nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Rhinitis Study Groups. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 82(6) 535-41. 

Banov CH, Lieberman P Vasomotor Rhinitis Study Groups. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001 86(l) 28-35. 

Complementary and alternative medicine therapies, such as acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, dietary supplements, herbal therapy, and homeopathic preparations, are used by individuals with allergic rhinitis.29,30 Use of bromelain, gingko, ginseng, licorice, quercetin, and Urtica dioica has been reported, but large-scale studies documenting efficacy are lacking.31,32 Caregivers should inquire routinely about patients use of alternative therapies and counsel patients about the lack of validated data to support such practices.12... 

Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents used in pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis. Although fewer studies have been conducted in children, results demonstrate that intranasal corticosteroids are effective and well tolerated, with an adverse-effect profile similar to placebo. Mometasone is indicated for children as young as 2 years of age, fluticasone is indicated for children 4 years of age and older, and beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, and triamcinolone are indicated for children 6 years and older.15 Because concerns regarding effect of intranasal steroids on growth exist, the growth of pediatric patients prescribed intranasal steroids should be monitored routinely via stadiometry. 

Oral pseudoephedrine should not be used in children under 1 year of age due to safety concerns. Intranasal ipratropium can be used as intermittent therapy for mild rhinitis or as add-on therapy in more severe cases. AIT is recommended for persistent rhinitis, particularly severe disease, because studies have shown that children respond better than adults. Montelukast is indicated for children 2 years of age and older with SAR and for infants 6 months of age and older with PAR. Studies evaluating leukotriene receptor antagonists as monotherapy or in combination with antihistamines have contradictory results.33... 

Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Beclomethasone and budesonide have been used most. Nasal cromolyn and first-generation antihistamines (chlorpheniramine, tripelennamine, and hydroxyzine) are also considered first-line therapy. Loratadine and cetirizine have not been as extensively studied. 

Since then, numerous studies have documented that the prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema has been increasing not only in industrialised developed countries [18], but also among affluent people in developing countries... 

Zhang J, Migita O, Koga M, Shibasaki M, Arinami T, Noguchi E. (2006) Determination of structure and transcriptional regulation of CYSLTRl and an association study with asthma and rhinitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 17, 242-249. 

In healthy male volunteers a dose-escalating study with iodine doses of 1-2 mL kg was performed. Liver enhancement, as measured by CT, reached values of 15-30 HU in a dose-dependent manner. The most common side-effects were headache, rhinitis, sore throat and bitter taste, which occurred at late time points (6 hours) after administration. 

A study of EDA-sensitized workers (as determined by EDA-associated rhinitis, coughing, and wheezing) in an industrial population suggested that smoking may decrease the latency between first exposure to EDA and onset of respiratory symptoms. ... 

A follow-up study of 29 workers with TMAN-induced immunologic lung disease who had been moved to low-exposure jobs for more than 1 year revealed that workers with late asthma or late respiratory systemic syndrome had improved symptoms, improved pulmonary functions, and lower total antibody against TMAN-HSA. In contrast, 7 of 12 workers with asthma rhinitis continued to have moderate to severe symptoms, abnormal pulmonary functions, and elevated IgE against TMAN-HSA. Elevated IgE against TMAN-HSA appears to be a marker for the subpopulation of workers with asthma rhinitis that does not improve. 

Extensive studies have been done on a clearly defined asthma syndrome produced by exposure to western red cedar. ° Plicatic acid has been identified as the etiologic agent. The western red cedar asthma syndrome includes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, wheezing, cough, and nocturnal attacks of breathlessness characterized by a precipitous decline in FEVi. There is no apparent relation between skin sensitivity and respiratory changes. No precipitating IgG antibodies are found in the serum of sensitized individuals, and circulating IgE antibodies are present in about one-third of affected individuals. 

Nasal disorders Use of the nasal spray is not recommended in patients with known chronic nasal disorders (eg, allergy, rhinitis, nasal polyps, sinusitis) because such use has not been adequately studied. 

Although the antihistamines are not useful as primary agents in the treatment of asthma, a number of studies have shown that the second-generation compounds are effective as adjunctive therapies in asthmatic patients with concomitant rhinitis, urticaria, or dermatitis. Cetirizine has been used to prevent the progression from atopic dermatitis to asthma in young children. 

By promoting the formation of T lymphocytes, thymic factors are used to enhance T-lymphocytic functions. Thymic factors have been used with some success in clinical trials in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge s or Nezelof s syndrome, and viral disorders. Studies with thymodulin show promise in treating symptoms in asthmatics and patients with allergic rhinitis. The primary consideration in the use of thymic factors for immunodeficiency states is the presence of T-lymphocyte precursors. 

A study of substrate solubility and phase-partitioning behavior in a wide range of solvent concentrations by Truppo et al. led to a fourfold decrease in enzyme charge with an increase in product enantiomeric excess. The process was successfully run at 400-L scale yielding the desired product with 99.73%ee at 50% conversion with the optimized conditions [86]. The DP receptor antagonist 42 is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. 

The synthesis of selective CRTH2 receptor antagonists has been more extensively studied to develop them as potential clinical candidates for the treatment of allergy, asthma, or other inflammatory disorders (Fig. 10). Ramatroban, a TP receptor antagonist, clinically used in asthma and allergic rhinitis, was recently... 

Most of the toxic effects of vanadium compounds result from local irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract rather than systemic toxicity. The only clearly documented effect of exposure to vanadium dust is upper respiratory tract irritation characterized by rhinitis, wheezing, nasal hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, cough, sore throat, and chest pain. Case studies have described die onset of asthma after heavy exposure to vanadium compounds, blit clinical studies to date have not detected an increased prevalence of asthma in workers exposed to vanadium. 

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