Endocrine activity

I licse modifications are apparently devoid of endocrine activity instead, the compounds possess analgesic activity. Possibly as... 

Safe S, Connor K, Ramamoorthy K, et al. 1997. Human exposure to endocrine-active chemicals Hazard assessment problems. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 26(1 Part l) 52-58. 

As onr knowledge of the pathways of effects for EDCs has evolved, the number of chemicals classified as EDCs has increased, and a more extensive list of these chemicals is detailed later in this chapter. The terminology used to describe chemicals that affect the endocrine system has also changed over time. Some now refer to EDCs as endocrine-active or endocrine-modulating, rather than endocrine-disrupting chemicals, as they do not necessarily always have deleterious effects. 

Gourmelon, A. and Ahtiainen, 1. (2007). Developing Test Guidelines on invertebrate development and reproduction for the assessment of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances—The OECD perspective. Ecotoxicology 16, 161-167. 

O Connor, J.C., Cook, J.C., and Marty, M.S. et al. (2002). Evaluation of Tier I screening approaches for detecting endocrine-active compounds (EACs). Critical Reviews in Toxicology 32, 521-549. 

Panter, G.H., Hutchinson, T.H., and Hurd, K.S. et al. (2006). Development of chronic tests for endocrine active chemicals—Part 1. An extended fish early-life stage test for oestrogenic active chemicals in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology 77, 279-290. 

Tyler, C.R., Beresford, N., and van der Woning, M. et al. (2000). Metabolism and environmental degradation of pyrethroid insecticides produce compounds with endocrine activities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 801-809. 

In support of this contention, the carrier protein Aphrodisin makes an early appearance in vaginal secretions. In pre-pubertal hamsters, it thus indicates chemosensory preparation for the onset of female maturity (Magert, 1999). The proven ability of the AOS to modulate the CNS-pituitary-gonadal axis by advancing or retarding endocrine activity (Chap. 5), underlines its role as primarily the chemosensor of the reproductive system. The adaptive consequence of responses, which allows an avoidance of premature breeding, or of a postponement of puberty, would seem to be advantageous. 

One of the routes for metabolism of the natural estrogens involves oxidation at the 16-position. The resulting compounds (estriols) show paradoxical endocrine activities in animal models. Thus, although these metabolites show estrogenic activity in their own right, they can to some extent block the action of concurrently administered estradiol. The unnatural estriol analogue epimestrol (8) shows this kind of activity. 

Combalbert S (2011) Dynamic and impact of steroid hormones and endocrine activities in swine effluents and in swine manure treatment systems. University of Montpellier, France... 

Turan A (1996) Expert round endocrinically active chemicals in the environment, Berlin, 9-10 March 1995. Umweltbundesamt TEXTE 3/96... 

Concerning other endocrine activities of the pituitary gland, including the posterior lobe, not enough data appear to be available to... 

The answer is A. Recent research has revealed that excess visceral fat deposits secrete several factors that have direct effects on the brain as well as directly on muscle to produce peripheral insulin resistance. Some of these newly identified factors are leptin, re-sistin, and adiponectin, whose mechanisms of action are still under active investigation. Death of pancreatic beta cells is a hallmark feature of type 1 diabetes and may occur only in very advanced stages of type 2 diabetes. Excess adipose in the thighs and buttocks does not contribute as strongly to insulin resistance as does visceral fat, presumably due to a lower level of endocrine activity of such fat depots. Dysfunction of liver lipid metabolism is more a consequence of excess activity of adipose than a cause of insulin resistance. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to build-up of excess fat stores but does not act directly to induce insulin resistance. 

The relationship between the structure of a series of peptides derived from the adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, and the behavioural activity in an active avoidance behaviour test, has been studied over the past 10-20 years. The results obtained were quite different from those in which endocrine activity relationships were studied. From the outcome of a quantitative study on the structure--behavioural activity of the ACTH-related peptides, suggestions about the spatial interactions at the receptor site were made. This receptor-bound conformation differed from those suggested by solution experiments or found in crystal structures. 

ACE-inhibition will cause a reduction of cardiac afterload and preload in patients with heart failure. In addition, the ACE-inhibitors exert a favourable effect on the neuro-endocrine activation process associated with chronic heart failure. They are more effective than classic vasodilators such as hydralazine and isosorbide, which do not influence these neuroendocrine mechanisms in a favourable manner. 

In addition to its presumed role as a neurotransmitter within the brain, serotonin is synthesized in the pineal gland, where it is a precursor for the synthesis of melatonin, a hormone that influences endocrine activity, presumably by an action within the hypothalamus. 

Golden R, Gandy J, VoUmer G (2005) A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 35 435 58... 

---