Sensitivity to changes

Figure 3.8a shows the temperature-composition diagram for a minimum-boiling azeotrope that is sensitive to changes in pressure. This azeotrope can be separated using two columns operating at different pressures, as shown in Fig. 3.86. Feed with mole fraction of A Ufa)) of, say, 0.3 is fed to the high-pressure column. The bottom product from this high-pressure column is relatively pure B, whereas the overhead is an azeotrope with jcda = 0-8, jcdb = 0.2. This azeotrope is fed to the low-pressure column, which produces relatively pure A in the bottom and in the overhead an azeotrope with jcda = 0.6, jcdb = 0.4. This azeotrope is added to the feed of the high-pressure column.

The problem with using a pressure change is that the smaller the change in azeotropic composition, the larger is the recycle in Figs. 3.86 and 3.96. If the azeotrope is not sensitive to changes in pressure, then an extraneous material can be added to the distilla-... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a valuable technique for obtaining chemical information. This is because the spectra are very sensitive to changes in the molecular structure. This same sensitivity makes NMR a difficult case for molecular modeling. 

Effect of Temperature. In addition to being often dependent on parameters such as shear stress, shear rate, and time, viscosity is highly sensitive to changes in temperature. Most materials decrease in viscosity as temperature increases. The dependence is logarithmic and can be substantial, up to 10% change/°C. This has important implications for processing and handling of materials and for viscosity measurement. 

The resonance integral of the 7r-bond between the heteroatom and carbon is another possible parameter in the treatment of heteroatomic molecules. However, for nitrogen compounds more detailed calculations have suggested that this resonance integral is similar to that for a C—C bond and moreover the relative values of the reactivity Indices at different positions are not very sensitive to change in this parameter. 

Turboexpander sensitivity to process gas inlet pressure. As previously mentioned, variable speed turboexpanders are more sensitive to changes in normal operating conditions. Tlie pattern of TTE degradation, however, is the same as for constant speed turboexpanders (Figure 7-13a). In other words, TTE is more sensitive to pressure drop than to pressure rise. For instance, a 20% drop in gas inlet pressure will reduce TTE to 90% of the design value, whereas a 20% increase in gas inlet pressure reduces TTE to 99% of the design value. 

Sensitivity to process gas molecular weight Figure 7-13d shows that TTE is not sensitive to changes in the molecular weight of the process gas. Constant speed machines show the same results. 

Plotting this data as a Pareto chart gives Figure 3. It shows that the load is the dominant variable in the problem and so the stress is very sensitive to changes in the load, but the dimensional variables have little impact on the problem. Under conditions where the standard deviation of the dimensional variables increased for whatever reason, their impact on the stress distribution would increase to the detriment of the contribution made by the load if its standard deviation remained the same. 

Pressurized air could be used for the supply jet. Since this normally gives higher initial velocities, the hood becomes more sensitive to changes in the jet flow rate and velocity. Pressurized air systems could also result in more noise problems than a jet resulting from a fan. 

TA2 mode ([IlO] polarization) visibly depends on the influence of the electrons on the lattice vibrations (see Fig. 7). Without V2, the stiffness of the TAi mode is enlarged. Therefore, we can conclude that this TA2 mode is very sensitive to changes in the electronic structure and measures the stability of the B2 phase. This may be a hint of the temperature or stress dependence of the Cu-Zn system in the martensitic region (Zn < 42 at%) close to the stoichiometric concentration CuZn... 

The role of the inspecting authority must clearly be sensitive to change in the light of both technical advances and alterations in the political climate. The response time will sometimes depend on whether the authority concerned has addressed itself to a rather narrow sector of the inspection field or operates over a wide spectrum. 

The average Nusselt number is not very sensitive to changes in gas velocity and Reynolds number, certainly no more than (Re)I/3. The Sherwood number can be calculated with the same formula as the Nusselt number, with the substitution of the Schmidt number for the Prandtl number. While the Prandtl number of nearly all gases at all temperatures is 0.7 the Schmidt number for various molecules in air does depend on temperature and molecular type, having the value of 0.23 for H2, 0.81 for CO, and 1.60 for benzene. 

Low-pressure steam-generating Cl models are particularly sensitive to changes in water chemistry, and their rough waterside surfaces makes them susceptible to deposition, and thus to the risk of overheating and subsequent cracking. Typically, they are quite small boilers, most being less than 200 hp. 

Adlington and Thompson (Al) measured the gas-liquid interfacial area in beds of particles of from 0.3- to 3-mm diameter by oxygen absorption in a sodium sulfite solution. They found that the interfacial area decreased with decreasing bed porosity, and was less sensitive to changes in particle size. 

The intensity of the EPR resonance absorption is a measure of the number of paramagnetic centres present [346], while the type of line observed and the measured g factor are indications of the interactions of the paramagnetic particles and of their distribution within the matrix. Such spectra are much more sensitive to changes in crystal field and atomic orientations than X-ray diffraction and are not dependent upon crystallinity [347]. The nature of the paramagnetic particles may be discerned from the superfine structure of the spectrum. 

Insulin is ordered by die generic name (insulin zinc suspension, extended) or the trade (brand) name (Humulin U) (see the Summary Drug Table Insulin Preparations). The nurse must never substitute one brand of insulin for anodier unless the substitution is approved by the health care provider because some patients may be sensitive to changes in brands of insulin. In addition, it is important never to substitute one type of insulin for anodier. For example, do not use insulin zinc suspension instead of die prescribed protamine zinc insulin. 

BOPs and atomic charges by population analysis are very sensitive to changes in the MO formulation and to the approximations (e.g. CNDO, EHT), and even to small basis set changes. 

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