Disease risks

National Research Council, Diet and Health Implicationsfor Reducing Chronic Disease Risk, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

Many clinical studies have been performed on human subjects to assess the effect of soy isoflavones on chronic disease risk factors with no ill-effects (see Section 10.4). The safety profile of isoflavones is, however, difficult to establish because of the limited sample sizes and short periods of investigation of such studies. At present the upper tested limits are ... 

LICHTENSTEIN A H (1998) Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk. JNutr. 128 (10) 1589-92. 

With investigations of phytochemicals and functional foods, the outcome measure is generally going to be a biomarker of disease, such as serum cholesterol level as a marker of heart disease risk, or indicators of bone turnover as markers of osteoporosis risk. Alternatively, markers of exposure may also indicate the benefit from a functional food by demonstrating bioavailability, such as increased serum levels of vitamins or carotenoids. Some components will be measurable in both ways. For instance, effects of a folic acid-fortified food could be measured via decrease in plasma homocysteine levels, or increase in red blood cell folate. 

HEGSTED M, KousiK. c s (1994) Rice bran and rice bran oil may lower heart disease risk by decreasing cholesterol synthesis in the body. Lousiana Agriculture, 31 (2) 16-17. 

Some prospective and case-control studies also investigated the relationship of carotenoids and the evolution of CCA-IMT. Although the EVA study showed no association between total carotenoids and IMT, others like the ARIC study, the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study, " and the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study demonstrated the protective role of isolated carotenoids such as lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and P-cryptoxanthin on IMT. Thus, findings from prospective and case-control studies have suggested that some carotenoids such as lycopene and P-carotene may present protective effects against CVD and particularly myocardial infarcts and intima media thickness, a marker of atherosclerosis. 

Epidemiological data on carotenoids and cerebral infarcts or strokes indicate a protective effect of P-carotene and lycopene. Indeed, the Basel prospective study, the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study, and the Physicians Health Study " have shown an inverse correlation between carotenoid plasma level and risk of stroke. In the same way, Hirvonen et al. demonstrated, in findings from the ATBC cancer prevention stndy, an inverse association between P-carotene dietary intake and stroke. However, clinical data on carotenoids and stroke are nonexistent and they are needed to confirm this possible protective effect of carotenoids on stroke. 

Rissanen, T.H. et al.. Serum lycopene concentrations and carotid atherosclerosis the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 77, 133, 2003. 

Arts, l.C. and HoUman, P.C., Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81, 317S, 2005. 

Agamah, E.S., Srinivasan, S.R., Webber, L.S. and Berenson, G.S. (1991). Serum uric acid and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and young adults from a biorac-ical community The Bogalusa Heart Study. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 113, 241-249. 

Symptoms The primary hypertension patient may be asymptomatic or may have major cardiovascular disease risk factors. 

Determine a patient s coronary heart disease risk and corresponding treatment goals according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. 

Zubenko GS, Hughes BHB, Stiffler JS, Hurtt MR, Kaplan BB. A genome survey for novel Alzheimer disease risk loci results at 10-cM resolution. Genomics 1998 50 121-128. 

The importance of P-glycoprotein expression in the blood-testis barrier, peripheral leukocytes and the kidneys for drug disposition and disease risk is discussed in Sections 8.7.2 and 8.7.3. 

Ordovas JM, Cupples LA, Corella D, Otvos JD, Osgood D, Martinez A, et al. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqIB polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease risk the Framingham study. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2000 20 1323-1329. 

Pure (3-carotene supplementation (30-50 mg per day) had no depressive effects on cardiovascular disease risk (Hennekens and others 1996 Omenn and others 1996 Lee and others 1999). 

Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK, Venho B, Vanharanta M, Mursu J and Salonen JT. 2003. Low intake of fruit, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J Nutr 133 199-204. 

Hertog MG, Feskens EJ and Kromhout D. 1997a. Antioxidant flavonols and coronary heart disease risk. Lancet 349 699. 

Perez-Jimenez J, Serrano J, Tabernero M, Arranz S, Diaz-Rubio ME, Garcia-Diz L, Goni I and Saura-Calixto F. 2008. Effects of grape antioxidant dietary fiber on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Nutrition 24 646-653. 

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