Respiratory aspect

Respiratory aspects dyspnea from absorption of metal dust or fume, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, formation of granuloma, chronic asthma. 

MSHA Regulations — Although OSHA has a section on basic respiratory aspects, speciftc requirements for air line respirators are specified in Mine Safety and Health Regulations Section 11.110. There are three basic types ... 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

A third aspect concerns heat loss mechanisms. Most animals lose heat either by sweating or by panting. Doubly labeled water studies in humans (Schoeller 1988 Wong et al. 1988) indicate that respiratory waters (mouth and nasal) have 5 0 values that can be 10%o to 20%o lower than sweat. Thus, animals that pant could be expected to increase their body water 5 0 compared to animals that sweat. 

RESPIRATORY O2 REDUCTION CATALYSIS 18.2.1 Basic Aspects of Energy Metabolism... 

Plants are detrimental in many ways to the health and well-being of man. It is difficult to quantify the health aspects of weeds. Weeds known to produce allergenic reactions in humans can be divided into two major groups. One group produces skin eruption as a result of bodily contact with the plant, while the other produces symptoms usually affecting the respiratory tract through inhalation of pollen grains. 

Proprioceptors originating in muscles and joints of the exercising limbs provide substantial input to the medullary respiratory center. In fact, even passive movement of the limbs causes an increase in ventilation. Therefore, the mechanical aspects of exercise also contribute to the ventilatory response. The increased metabolism associated with exercise increases body temperature, which further contributes to the increase in ventilation during exercise. (Not surprisingly, ventilation is also enhanced in response to a fever.) Exercise is associated with a mass sympathetic discharge. As a result, epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla is markedly increased. Epinephrine is believed to stimulate ventilation. 

Lundin R.E., Wagoner J.K. and Archer V.E., 1971, Radon Daughter Exposure and REspiratory Cancer-Quantitive and Temporal Aspects,... 

Lundin,F.E., Wagoner,J.K. and V.E. Archer, Radon Daughter Exposure and Respiratory Cancer, Quantitative and Temporal Aspects, Nat. Inst. Occup. Safety and Health/Nat. Inst. Env.Sciences, Joint Monograph No.1, US Dept, of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service (NTIS, No. PB 204871), Washington, D.C. (1971). 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

According to Section 1910.134(b) of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards in Title 29 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, an acceptable respiratory program must be instigated whenever respiratory health hazards are present in the work environment. The employer must develop formal written operational procedures covering every aspect of the program, including, for example, how contaminants are controlled, how contaminant concentration is measured, and how respirators are selected, used, cleaned, inspected, repaired, and stored. 

Proteolytic enzymes in the respiratory mucosa play important role(s) in the regulation of lung inflammation and remodelling [123, 124], Pulmonary proteolytic enzymes, however, also comprise one of the barriers which pulmonary-administered protein/peptide drugs have to overcome in order to achieve adequate bioavailability [125]. Intriguingly, the pulmonary enzymatic barrier is an aspect that has been little investigated and is poorly understood. Inconsistencies in the data available to date are most likely a result of the use of different techniques (e.g., PCR, immunotechniques and enzyme activity assays), different species and different cell (pheno)types, for example primary cells vs. cell lines. 

In contrast to the documented effect of cotton dust on acute responses, the causation of chronic respiratory effects in occupationally exposed subjects has not been established. The OSHA cotton dust standard is based on the premise that sustained exposure may result in chronic respiratory problems. To test this hypothesis, the pertinent literature is reviewed and discussed in an attempt to decide if convincing epidemiological documentation exists to support a cause and effect connection between prolonged dust exposure and chronic respiratory impairment. There appears to be a need for additional studies to clarify this important aspect of occupational medicine. 

This chapter discusses the transport and absorption of ozone and other photochemical oxidants within the respiratory tract. It includes lung morphology and flow aspects of respiratory physiology and emphasizes methodologic approaches to modeling. 

FLOW ASPECTS OF RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Rcipiratoiy Airflow Patterns In Long Models versus the Real Lung... 

Because the respiratory tract is an initial target of any air pollutant challenge, it usually receives primary attention in tests to determine irritant effects of exposure. Other aspects of interest include hematology, blood enzyme biochemistry, eye irritation, and p chomotor performance. Constriction of the large airways, maldistribution of ventilation due to narrowing in some small airways, constriction of peripheral lung units, and mechanical or gas diffusion impairment due to edema are possible effects of insult by pollutants. A variety of pulmonary tests is required to examine the possibilities. 

In addition to the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic differences mentioned above, other aspects of differences between experimental animals and humans include different types of organs and tissues, differences in digestion, and differences in the stmcture of the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, animal studies are performed in homogenous groups of animals, but the results have to be apphed for the protection of all individuals in a heterogeneous population of humans. In consequence of this, interspecies variation must also be expected. 

Lundin F et al Radon Daughter Exposure and Respiratory Cancer Quantitative and Temporal Aspects. Report from the Epidemiological Study of U. S. Uranium Miners. Joint Monograph No. 1, NIOSH and NIEHS, 1971... 

Biesalski, H. K., and Stofft, E. (1992). Biochemical, morphological, and functional aspects of systemic and local vitamin A deficiency in the respiratory tract. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 669, 325-331. 

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