Peptide and protein drugs

JD Verhoff, HE Bodde, AG deBoer, JA Bouwstra, HE Junginger, FWHM Merkus DD Breimer. Transport of peptide and protein drugs across biological membranes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokin 15 83-93, 1990. 

V. H. Lee, ed. Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery Advances in Parenter. Sciences, 4th ed, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990. 

Peptide and Protein Drug Analysis, edited by Ronald E. Reid... 

VHL Lee, A Yamamoto, U Kompella. (1991). Mucosal penetration enhancers for facilitation of peptide and protein drug absorption. CRC Crit Rev Drug Carrier Sys 8 91-192. 

Lee, V. H., et al. Biopharmaceutics of transmucosal peptide and protein drug administration role of transport mechanisms with a focus on the involvement of PepTl. J. Control. Release 1999, 62, 129-140. 

Kompella, U.B. and Lee, V.H.L. 2001. Delivery systems for penetration enhancement of peptide and protein drugs design considerations. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 46, 211-245. 

Wall DA (1995) Pulmonary absorption of peptides and proteins. Drug Debv 2 1-20. 

Peptide and protein drugs must be transported without metabolic degradation to the systemic circulation in order to exhibit or exert their pharmacological action. Although active transport of linear peptides and oligopeptides by intestinal oligopeptide transporters has been reported, overall intestinal absorption of peptides is very poor because of metabolic degradation by peptidases. " ... 

DESIGN OF POLYMERIC SYSTEMS FOR TARGETED ADMINISTRATION OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN DRUGS... 

Design of Polymeric Systems for Targeted Administration of Peptide and Protein Drugs... 

Lehr, C.-M., Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst., 11 119-160 (1994). 

P. Vermeij, D. Blok (1996). New peptide and protein drugs. Pharm. World Sci. 18 87-93. 

Packaging conditions have effects on the stability of protein products. Peptide and protein drugs are high-molecular-weight compounds with unique physicochemical properties. They are extremely sensitive to their microenvironment heat, fight, pH, chemical contaminants, and so on. Trace amounts of metals, plasticizers, and... 

Torchilin VP, Lukyanov AN. Peptide and protein drug delivery to and into tumors challenges and solutions. Drag Dis Today 200 8(6) 259. 

Peptide and Protein Drug Analysis, edited by Ronald E. Reid Transport Processes in Pharmaceutical Systems, edited by Gordon L. Amidon, Ping I. Lee, and Elizabeth M. Topp... 

Peptidases such as trypsin are also hydrolytic enzymes and are important considerations for the new generation of peptide and protein drugs (see below). 

Aprotinin is a polypeptide consisting of 58 amino acid residues derived from bovine lung tissues and shows inhibitory activity toward various proteolytic enzymes including chymo-trypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, and trypsin. It was also one of the first enzyme inhibitors used as an auxiliary agent for oral (poly)peptide administration. The co-administration of aprotinin led to an increased bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs [5,44,45], The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (71 amino acids, 8 kDa) and the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (184 amino acids, 21 kDa) belong to the soybean trypsin inhibitors. Both are known to inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, whereas carboxypeptidase A and B cannot be inhibited [7,46],... 

Many drugs can now be delivered rectally instead of by parenteral injection (intravenous route) or oral administration. Generally, the rectal delivery route is particularly suitable for pediatric and elderly patients who experience difficulty ingesting medication or who are unconscious. However, rectal bioavailabilities tend to be lower than the corresponding values of oral administration. The nature of the drug formulation has been shown to be an essential determinant of the rectal absorption profiles. The development of novel absorption enhancers with potential efficacy without mucosal irritation (low toxicity) is very important. The delivery of peptide and protein drugs by the rectal route is currently being explored and seems to be feasible. 

Lee, V.H.L. 1991. Peptide and protein drug delivery. New York Marcel Dekker. 

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