Vitamin local

Composition. Molasses composition depends on several factors, eg, locality, variety, sod, climate, and processing. Cane molasses is generally at pH 5.5—6.5 and contains 30—40 wt % sucrose and 15—20 wt % reducing sugars. Beet molasses is ca 7.5—8.6 pH, and contains ca 50—60 wt % sucrose, a trace of reducing sugars, and 0.5—2.0 wt % raffinose. Cane molasses contains less ash, less nitrogenous material, but considerably more vitamins than beet molasses. Composition of selected molasses products is Hsted in Table 7. Procedures for molasses analysis are avadable (59). 

Normally, the cascade from oxygen to water is well controlled by SOD, catalase and endogenous antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbate and vitamin E. Vitamin E is the most important membrane-bound antioxidant. However, during ischaemia, the local control of ROS is lost, thus reactive free radicals can attack the membranes and lipid peroxidation begins. Endogenous antioxidants can be supplemented. This section describes this supplementation strategy. 

Rosenau, T. Ebner, G. Stanger, A. Perl, S. Nuri, L. From a theoretical concept to biochemical reactions strain-induced bond localization (SIBL) in oxidation of vitamin E. Chem. Eur. j. 2005, 11(1), 280-287. 

Ascorbic acid [71] and vitamin E [72] are powerful scavengers of reactive oxygen species and are known to enhance the sensitivity of vascular tissue to organic nitrates. Also the local concentration of NO due to administration of GTN is greatly enhanced by hypoxia [73]. 

On the basis of a few reports, it is assumed that a "local vitamin A deficiency exists in meta- and dysplastic areas. Measurements of vitamin A concentrations in metaplastic areas of the respiratory epithelium and the cervix epithelium actually proved that vitamin A in comparison to the surrounding tissues was not found (Biesalski, 1996). Clearly one cannot say what is cause and effect. Studies carried out by Edes et al. (1991) confirm an induction of a vitamin A deficit. These studies showed that a depletion of vitamin A ester stores is caused by toxins, present in cigarette smoke (predominantly polyhalogenated compounds), in different tissues. 

A survey about the dietary habits within the scope of the "National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey" showed that an inverse correlation (Morabia et al., 1989) exists between COPD and vitamin A supply as the only one of 12 examined dietary components. If a diminished supply of vitamin A increases the appearance of obstructive respiratory diseases, a marginal or local vitamin A deficit could be responsible for the observed changes of the respiratory mucosa. Such a deficit results in a loss of cilia, an increase of secreting cells and finally the formation of squamous metaplasia (Biesalski et al., 1985 Chytil, 1985 Shah and Rajalekshmi, 1984). 

In a placebo-controlled randomized supplementation trial (approved by the ethic commission of Ethiopia) in the rural area (AZOZO) district of Gondar Ethiopia from 220 households, 161 children (2-5 years of age) were selected at random for the study at a first visit to the local clinic, nutritional assessment, and stool examination (parasites or ova) were performed (Biesalski et ah, 1999). 141 children with parasites were treated with mebendazole. Heparin blood was obtained for assessment of vitamin A, RBP, and TTR (transthyretine) concentrations. 

Biesalski, H. K., and Stofft, E. (1992). Biochemical, morphological, and functional aspects of systemic and local vitamin A deficiency in the respiratory tract. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 669, 325-331. 

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