Resinoids

Resin additives Resin cements Resin component Resin cure systems Resin curing agents Resin formation Resin-in-pulp Resinoid Resinols Resins... 

V—Vitrified S—Silicate R—Rubber RF—Rubber reinforced B—Resinoid BF—Resinoid reinforced E—Shellac O—Oxychloride... 

Bond Type. Most bonded abrasive products are produced with either a vitreous (glass or ceramic) or a resinoid (usually phenoHc resin) bond. Bonding agents such as mbber, shellac, sodium siHcate, magnesium oxychloride, or metal are used for special appHcations. 

Resinoid-bonded wheels find wide use in heavy-duty snagging operations where large amounts of metal must be removed quickly, in cutting-off operations, portable disk grinding (as for weld-beads), roU grinding, and vertical spindle disk grinding. 

Rubber. Both natural and synthetic rubber are used as bonding agents for abrasive wheels. Rubber-bond wheels are ideal for thin cut-off and slicing wheels and centerless grinding feed wheels. They are more flexible and more water-resistant than resinoid wheels. 

Many spices are processed (2) to produce essential oils, oleoresins, essences, tinctures, extracts, resinoids, etc. These processes separate nonflavor components and further concentrate the aromatic or pungent principles of the spices. Such products allow a wider variety of uses and appHcations of the vital spice components. 

Resin and Resinoid. Natural resins are plant exudates formed by the oxidation of terpenes. Many are acids or acid anhydrides. Prepared resins are made from oleoresins from which the essential oil has been removed. A resinoid is prepared by hydrocarbon extraction of a natural resin. 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

U.S. phenoHc resin manufacturers include AHiedSignal Inc./Bendix Ashland Chemical, Inc. Borden, Inc. Dexter Corp. Dyno Polymers Georgia-Pacific Corp. Neste Resins Corp. Occidental Chemical Corp. Owens-Corning Corp. Plastics Engineering Co. PMC, Inc. Resinoid Engineering... 

Fig. 8. (a) Synthetic diamond grit for resinoid or vitreous bond (free-cutting) abrasive wheels, and (b) synthetic diamond grit for metal bond abrasive... 

The smooth field pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Trapper) and small fababean (Vicia faba minor cv. Diana) samples were composites of several lots grown in 1981. After blending, about 20 kg were dehulled on a resinoid disc, abrasive dehuller (19), followed by air aspiration to remove 10 and 15% of hulls, resp. The dehulled seeds were coarse-ground in a hammermill and subdivided for dry and wet processing. 

Extractives of resinous materials by a hydrocarbon type solvent. The extractives are both volatile and non-volatile materials, and the resinous substance used is non-cellular in nature, e.g. Olibanum resinoid. 

Extracts of fragrance and flavor substances obtained from plants are termed pomades, concretes, absolutes, resinoids, or tinctures according to their method of preparation. 

Resinoids are prepared by extracting plant exudates (balsams, oleo gum resins, natural oleo resins, and resinous products) with solvents such as methanol, ethanol, or toluene. Yields range from 50 to 95%. The products are usually highly viscous and are sometimes diluted (e.g., with phthalates or benzyl benzoate) to improve their flow and processing properties. 

Resinoids mainly consist of nonvolatile, resinous compounds and are primarily used for their excellent flxative properties. 

The resinoids described above should be distinguished from prepared oleoresins (e.g., pepper, ginger, and vanilla oleoresins), which are concentrates prepared from spices by solvent extraction. The solvent that is used depends on the spice currently, these products are often obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide [223a]. Pepper and ginger oleoresins contain not only volatile aroma compounds, but also substances responsible for pungency. 

In addition to alcoholic tinctures, castoreum is available in the form of resinoids, which are prepared by extracting dried, comminuted pouches with suitable solvents. 

The animals are kept in cages, and the fresh secretion is taken from the pouches at regular (about one-week) intervals. Civet is almost liquid with a light yellow color. It darkens when exposed to light and takes on a consistency like salve. In dilutions (e.g., as an alcoholic tincture), civet has a pleasant, sweetish odor. A resinoid prepared by extraction with acetone is a dark brown-red mass [257]. Civetone (see p. 88) is the main odoriferous constituent of civet (2.5-3.4%). Civet contains other macrocyclic ketones such as cyclohexa- and cycloheptadecanone and 6-cw-cycloheptadecenone. Traces of indole and skatole contribute to the animal note [258]. 

Benzoe Siam resinoid is obtained by solvent extraction of the resin from Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich trees (Styracaceae). The wild growing Styrax tree is widespread in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. 

Benzoe Siam resinoid is a reddish to light brown, viscous liquid with a long-lasting, chocolate-like, sweet, balsamic odor. It is used in perfumery for balsamic nuances and as a fixative [9000-72-0], [84012-39-5]. 

Benzoe Sumatra resinoid is a dark brown viscous liquid with a warm, powdery, sweet-balsamic odor. Its main volatile, odor-determining components are derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids and vanillin [284, 284a],... 

Benzoe Sumatra resinoid is used in perfumery, mainly as a fixative with a warm, balsamic note [9000-73-1], [84929-79-3]. FCT 1973 (11) p.871. 

Elemi oil, Elemi resinoid are obtained from exuded gum resin of Canarium luzonicum (Miqu.) A. Gray (Burseraceae), a tree growing in the Phillipines. The resin is extracted with a solvent to form the resinoid, which is a yellow to orange mass of high viscosity. The oil is produced by steam distillation of the gum resin and is a colorless to light yellow liquid. 

The major components of elemi oil are limonene (40-72%), a-phellandrene (10-24%), and the sesquiterpene alcohol elemol (1-25%) [488-491]. Both the resinoid and the oil have a fresh, citrus-like, peppery odor and are used predominantly in soap perfumes. (FCT 1976 (14) p. 755 [8023-89-0] (oil), [9000-74-2] (resin). 

Galbanum oil and galbanum resinoid are produced from the gumlike exudate of Ferula galbaniflua Boissier and Buhse (Apiaceae) growing in northern Iran and F. rubricaulis Boissier growing in southern Iran. 

Cistus and labdanum products come from Mediterranean countries, mainly Spain, where the Cistus shrub grows abundantly. They are used widely in perfumery, giving perfume compositions a warm, balsamic tonality with a touch of ambergris. The typical odor originates from a number of compounds which are formed by oxidative degradation of diterpenes with labdane skeleton, which are the main constituents of labdanum gum [284a, 558 565aj. The resinoids and absolutes are excellent natural fixatives. FCT 1976 (14) p.335 [8016-26-0], [89997-74-0]. 

Myrrh oil and myrrh resinoids are produced from the air-dried gum of... 

Myrrh resinoids are obtained in 20-45% yield by extracting the gum with suitable solvents (e.g., toluene, hexane). They are wax-like, brown-yellow to red-brown masses with a balsamic odor and an aromatic bitter taste. Specifications depend on the solvents used. 

Olibanum oil and olibanum resinoid are obtained from frankincense, which is a gum resin collected from the bark of the tree Boswellia carterii Birdw. or B. frereana Birdw. (Burseraceae) growing in Arabia and Somalia. The resinoid is produced by solvent extraction, and steam distillation gives the oil, which is a pale yellow, slightly viscous liquid with a balsamic odor and a faint lemon note. 

Opopanax oil and opopanax resinoid are obtained from the resin of Commiphora erythraea Engl. var. glabrescens Engl., a tree growing in Somalia (Burseraceae). The resinoid is prepared by solvent extraction, and steam distillation of the resin gives the essential oil, which is a yellow to greenish-yellow liquid with a warm, sweet, balsamic odor. 

Opopanax oil and resinoid are used in perfume compositions with oriental characteristics, the resinoid also for its fixative properties, [8021-36-1], [100084-96-6]. 

Styrax oil and styrax resinoid are obtained from styrax balsam, which is collected from the artiflcially injured trees, Liquidamber orientalis Mill. (Asia Minor) and L. styraciflua L. (Central America) (Hamamelidaceae). 

Styrax resinoid is a light grey to dark grey-brown viscous liquid that is prepared by solvent extraction. It has a sweet balsamic, slightly grass-like odor and is used in perfumery as a fixative. 

Tolu balsam resinoid is produced by extraction of the balsam of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (Fabaceae). It is a dark orange brown mass with a sweet, resinous, long-lasting odor, reminiscent of hyacinth. An essential oil is also distilled from the balsam. 

Tolu balsam resinoid contains a fairly large amount of benzyl and cinnamyl esters of benzoic and cinnamic acid [284a, 800-800b]. 

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