Research inadequate

Given that levels of phytochemicals are affected by variety, agronomic, and cultural conditions, plant part, postharvest, and processing conditions it will be important to develop robust methods for characterization of the compound (s) of interest and for the cultivation and processing technological conditions to ensure reproducible preparations. Much early work on the effects of phytochemicals was hampered by researchers inadequately characterizing the compounds, extracts, or foods administered, thereby compromising effective interlaboratory comparison. 

The facilities for experimental work were poor, with inadequate wet laboratory space. In our discussions, I mentioned to Kaprielian my interest in significantly extending my previous work into the area of hydrocarbon chemistry. I felt that by establishing a strong program of basic research and graduate education in hydrocarbon chemistry, USC could become a leader in this important field. Because the memory of the first Arab oil embargo was still fresh, this struck a chord with Kaprielian, who felt that he could sell my research interest to the trustees and establish a Hydrocarbon Research Institute at USC that could accommodate me, as well as other chemistry faculty members whose interests could fit into its framework. 

A comprehensive study of the tolerance of laboratory animals to vapors of 2-nitropropane was reported in 1952 (100). In a study pubHshed in 1979, rabbits and rats survived exposure to nitromethane for six months at 750 and 100 ppm, respectively, with no unexpected findings (101). Similarly, no compound-related effects were found for rabbits exposed to 2-nitropropane at 200 ppm or for rabbits or rats exposed at 27 ppm. Liver damage was extensive in male rats exposed at 207 ppm for six months, and hepatocellular carcinomas were observed. Subsequendy, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) found that there is "sufficient evidence" to conclude that 2-nitropropane causes cancer in rats but that epidemiologic data are inadequate to reinforce the conclusion in humans (102). The National Toxicology Program also concluded that it "may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen" (103). 

Many traditional allergists and other physicians discount the existence of an MCS diagnosis. They claim that there is not yet sufficient evidence that MCS exists. Research efforts regarding the mechanisms that cause MCS have been inadequate and unfortunately are often financed and supported by the industries which benefit from chemical proliferation. Generally medical doctors have not been trained to... 

Nasal vasculature may offer some insight into this question, though research to date has been equivocal. Nasal turbinate vessels can be classified as either capacitance vessels or resistive vessels. Capacitance vessels appear to vasodilate in response to infection while resistance vessels appear to respond to cold stimuli by vasoconstriction. Buccal vascular structures also respond to thermal stimuli but appear to respond principally to cutaneous stimuli. How pharyngeal and tracheobronchial submucosal vessels react to thermal stimuli is not known, though cold-induced asthma is believed to result from broncho-spasms caused by susceptible bronchial smooth muscle responding to exposure to cold dry air.- This asthmatic response suggests an inadequate vascular response to surface cooling. 

Effluent-treatment plants fail most commonly because the design is based on an inadequate or faulty definition of the effluent problem. In an existing works it may take months of painstaking research to establish the true patterns of flow and contamination. Predicting these for a new project can be extremely difficult, and serious mistakes are common. 

Paints are one of the most important methods of corrosion control, but it is well known that many cases of failure result from inadequate surface preparation of the metal and careless application of the paint system procedures that are often carried out under adverse or unsuitable environmental conditions by labour that is relatively unskilled. A great deal of research and... 

Research and development into polymer electrolyte battery systems continues, yet many unsolved and controversial issues, particularly relating to the inadequate understanding and control of ion dissociation and the relative mobilities of the ions, remain. Modem computational resources now allow the structures of complex systems such as polymer electrolytes to be simulated and evaluated. Computer simu-... 

The catalyst companies were encouraged to resume their research activities in automotive catalysis in the late 1960 s as further tightening of automotive emissions standards became imminent, and it appeared that mere engine modifications might be inadequate to meet the new standards. A systems approach was first used upon the formation of the Inter-Industry Emission Control Program by the Ford Motor Company and the Mobil Oil Corporation in 1967, which was joined by a number of oil companies in the U.S. and a number of automobile companies in Italy, Japan, and Western Germany. 

Malfunctions of small arms ammo using the M34 primer have been related to inadequate control of pellet wt in the primer, with low pellet weight causing hangfires in the weapon. At the Army Mechanics and Materials Research Center (AMMRC), Watertown, Mass, NAA was investigated for 100% inspection of pellet wt in such primers (Refs 5 6)... 

Molecularly motivated empiricisms, such as the solubility parameter concept, have been valuable in dealing with mixtures of weakly interacting small molecules where surface forces are small. However, they are completely inadequate for mixtures that involve macromolecules, associating entities like surfactants, and rod-like or plate-like species that can form ordered phases. New theories and models are needed to describe and understand these systems. This is an active research area where advances could lead to better understanding of the dynamics of polymers and colloids in solution, the rheological and mechanical properties of these solutions, and, more generally, the fluid mechaiucs of non-Newtonian liquids. 

The U.S. EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) have not classified endosulfan as to its carcinogenicity (lARC 1987,1998). Studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) using rats and mice indicated inadequate and negative evidence, respectively, for carcinogenic effect from endosulfan (NTP 1991). No data were available for studies conducted for the metabolites of endosulfan. 

Of course, the term proven efficacy is central to any resource investment in this area. Basic information on time and dose responses in humans to complex foods rich in carotenoids (and other phytochemicals) is pitifully small. Much of our information is based upon inadequate databases derived from chemical analysis, in vitro models that have not been properly evaluated or validated, and short-term, high-dose human studies. Future research progress requires much more rigorous debate on the experimental systems employed... 

The importance of economic problems in depression has been shown in a study of psychotherapy for depression conducted by two researchers in Chicago.55 They found that during the first two sessions of treatment, more than 85 per cent of the depressed patients spontaneously brought up issues relating to inadequate financial resources, difficult working conditions or unemployment. They also found that the patients... 

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1987) concluded that the evidence for carcinogenicity of lead and inorganic lead compounds was inadequate in humans and sufficient in animals. IARC (1987) classified lead and inorganic lead compounds in IARC Group 2B, possible human carcinogen. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that lead acetate and phosphate may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens based on sufficient evidence from animal studies, but inadequate evidence from human studies (NTP 1994). 

On the other hand, under the patent system, incentives to carry out research come from the expected monopoly revenue. This leads to two imperfections. First, the incentives to do research are inadequate, because the monopoly benefits are less than the social surplus generated by the innovation. Second,... 

A straightforward comparison between the two systems would show first of all the superiority of the grant system, as the welfare loss due to monopoly prices is diluted. However, the incentives to carry out research are imperfect in both systems, although in a different way. In the patent system they are always inadequate because the monopoly benefits are less than the social surplus. In the grant system, the incentives to invest are not systematically inadequate, as they are related to the reward received rather than to the real surplus. 

---