Grant system

Apart from granting systems the same formal computational power as conventional digital computers, computational universality places a severe restriction on possible theoretical predictions of system behavior [toff77a] because universal com-... 

A straightforward comparison between the two systems would show first of all the superiority of the grant system, as the welfare loss due to monopoly prices is diluted. However, the incentives to carry out research are imperfect in both systems, although in a different way. In the patent system they are always inadequate because the monopoly benefits are less than the social surplus. In the grant system, the incentives to invest are not systematically inadequate, as they are related to the reward received rather than to the real surplus. 

We should revise the grant system so that people do not spend such enormous amounts of time raising money. 

Figure Bl.13.7. Simulated NOESY peak intensities in a homoniielear two-spin system as a fiinetion of the mixing time for two different motional regimes. (Reprodiieed by pennission of Wiley from Neiihaiis D 1996 Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ed D M Grant and R K Harris (Chiehester Wiley) pp 3290-301.)...

The authors thank Y. Oono and M. Balsera for invaluable contributions to the joint development of SMD and J. Gullingsrud for many suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript. Images of molecular systems were produced with the program VMD (Humphrey et al., 1996). This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (PHS 5 P41 RR05969-04), the National Science Foundation (BIR-9318159, BIR 94-23827 (EQ)), and the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust. 

Best Mode. The patent appHcant must disclose the best mode of practicing the invention known to the inventor at the time the appHcation is filed. Concerns over best mode often arise when a patent appHcant seeks patent protection for an invention but, at the same time, desires to keep as a trade secret one aspect of the invention necessary to the production of a commercial product. This action denies the pubHc access to this information and undermines the poHcies of the patent system. This would effectively deprive the pubHc of information on the amount of disclosure made in exchange for the 17-yr patent grant, and hence it invaHdates the patent grant. 

Under the EPC an appHcant may file a patent appHcation in one or all of the European countries that are signatories by filing a single appHcation. Unlike the PCT, the EPC is actually a system of law, common to all of the present member countries, estabHshed for the granting of European patents. 

This work is financially supported by Programme of Eundamental Researches of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Investigations in the field of sensor systems and technologies (grant No. 3-13/SD-2005). 

The work was supported by INTAS grant Open Call 03-51-6278, NATO Linkage grant LST.NUKR.CLG 980621 and the grants of the Program Sensor Systems and Technologies funded by NAS of Ukraine. 

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