Research consequences

Many classified documents were stamped Automatically Declassified After 12 years. I suppose by then potential enemies would have pilfered or duplicated the data and the information would be old news. Also, by then, the original investigators would probably have gone on to other pursuits and lost interest in their vaguely remembered research. Consequently, much interesting research never reached medical or pharmacological journals. It s not easy to rewrite and publish studies completed more than a decade ago (not to mention 35... 

It has become necessary to question the use of in vivo safety evaluation studies in animals because of the pressure from society to reduce the use of live animals in medical research. Consequently, there has been an increase in the exploration and use of various in vitro systems in toxicity testing. The current philosophy is embodied in the concept of the three R s replacement, reduction, and refinement. Thus if possible, live animals should be replaced with alternatives. If this is not possible, then measures should be adopted to reduce the numbers used. Finally, research workers should also refine the methods used to ensure greater animal welfare and reduction in distress and improve the quality of the data derived, if possible. 

In the mid-1940s a sight glass rupture resulted in the death of a hydrate researcher. Consequently, there was a revival of interest in non-visual means of hydrate detection, especially at high pressures. The development of... 

Almost all of the experimental work cited in this chapter has been carried out in the last two decades. With few exceptions, the topics discussed are the subject of continuing research. Consequently, in addition to providing historical background and connections, in most cases I have attempted to indicate, at least briefly, the current status (as of 1997). 

Be aware that a research paper is not a massive collection of quotations and paraphrased or summarized ideas glued together with a few transitional phrases. It is, instead, an essay in which you offer your thesis and ideas based on and supported by your research. Consequently, you will need to incorporate and blend in your reference material in a variety of smooth, persuasive ways. Here are some suggestions ... 

In this chapter I adopt a functional orientation to our understanding chemical substance, according to which a specimen is known by those capacities that technicians try to exploit during laboratory research. Consequently, a specimen functions as both... 

Also omitted are firms striving to identify suitable biological targets for drug therapy. Such firms, also known as pharmaceutical companies, do no chemical development or discovery research. Consequently, they employ no organic chemists as researchers. 

The li -hydroxyethyl substituent at the 6a-position of penems and carbapenems imparts microbiological properties which have remained unrivalled through the last decade s research. Consequently, insertion of this essential group (when not present in the starting material, e.g. L-threonine) into penam or azetidinone intermediates is an integral part of penem synthesis today. 

As noted at the beginning of our survey, spectroelectrochemistry is of fairly recent origin and is still a developing area of research. Consequently, we have had to severely restrict our subject matter in terms of both breadth of coverage and time period. For surveys of current developments, the reader is referred to recent review articj.es (48,49). 

In this book, however, we aim at a second answer to the above question, namely, to work out theoretical physical concepts and ideas which we hope to be appropriate for describing and explaining biological phenomena. Compared to the reality and reliability of physical instrumentation in biological and physical laboratories, our conceptual contributions to biophysics will certainly be much more speculative and controversial. Reservation against theories is already considered advisable sometimes in standard fields on monodiscipi inary physical research. Consequently so much the more is this true in interdisciplinary and nonphysical fields of research. 

The structure and properties of aliphatic PEMs are of vital importance for electrochemical device performances, which are, of course, the main concern of the researchers. Consequently, there are plenty of characterizations to evaluate aliphatic PEM structure and properties, such as spectral studies, morphological studies, physical properties, and ion conductivity. 

Only the inventor or inventors may receive a patent, so the application for a patent must be made either by the inventor or, in cases in which the invention is owned by someone else such as an employer, in the name of the inventor. At the time the original HABI applications were filed, the law required that every inventor named in a patent application have made a contribution to every claim of the patent. Because a patent was invalid if the inventorship was incorrect, attorneys were reluctant to name more than one inventor, even when the invention had been developed by a team of researchers. Consequently, most of the early HABI patents list only a single inventor even though most were the result of the efforts of a research team. 

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