Instrumentation, physical

Cook, 1992] Cook, P. R. (1992). A meta-wind-instrument physical model, and a meta-controller for real time performance control. In Proc. 1992 Int. Computer Music Conf, San Jose, pages 273-276. Computer Music Association. 

A set of critical criteria can be identified for a successful noninvasive glucose monitor regardless of the instrumental or spectroscopic approach. These criteria center on selectivity of the analytical measurement, SNR of the instrumentation, physical and chemical properties of the measurement site, and robustness of the calibration model. As a group, these criteria impact measurement accuracy and their demonstration largely establishes the feasibility of a given technological approach. 

With this rapid growth of near-infrared spectroscopic research in the health sciences, it is time for a text such as this. The authors have combined more than 35 years of industrial and university research experience in this volume. The pharmaceutical presentation is arranged in a logical progression theory, instrumentation, physical manipulation... 

C. Chafe. Adding Vortex Noise to Wind Instrument Physical Models, Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference. 57-60 (1985). 

Effort Glass-blowers and players of wind instruments Physical effort in some workers may cause swelling of the cheeks due to overstretching of the facial muscles ... 

XFS. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments were carried out using ESCA 5400 and ESCA 5600 instruments (Physical Electronics, Eden Prairie, MN), both of which were equipped with a Mg-Ka source, operating at 200 W. Survey spectra of a saccharide-covered sample were recorded both prior to and following exposure to x-ray radiation for 45 min, in order to check for any possible beam damage. No difference was foimd between spectra of exposed and nonexposed samples, indicating that X-ray beam damage is negligible under the conditions employed. 

The spectra were acquired using a Physical Electronics PHI 7200 ToF-SIMS instrument (Physical Electronics, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), allowing parallel mass registration with high sensitivity and high mass resolution. A gallium liquid-metal ion (LMI) gun at 25 keV beam energy was used for spatially resolved ToF-SIMS analysis. The beam diameter was 0.25 p-m, the pulse width 100 ns and the TDC bin size 10 ns. A mass resolution m tsm) of 4500 at m/z = 29 was obtained. 

ToF-SIMS measurements are conducted on a PHI TRIFT III instrument (Physical Electronics USA, Chanhassen, MN, USA). This protocol could easily be modified for use with other ToF-SIMS instruments. In addition, it is anticipated that the above preparation procedure will also be applicable to single-cell imaging experiments using a variety of IMS techniques, including single-cell MALDI. 

The first step is to take the instrument physically close to the process stream. This is called by Callis the at-line era, in which approach the analyzer is dedicated to the process line. Because it is physically closer and usually operated by plant personnel, the delay time of the analysis associated with the off-line instruments is drastically reduced. 

Monitoring and control of the production process will be performed by a combination of instrumentation and control equipment plus manual involvement. The level of sophistication of the systems can vary considerably. For example, monitoring well performance can be done in a simple fashion by sending a man to write down and report the tubing head pressures of producing wells on a daily basis, or at the other extreme by using computer assisted operations (CAO) which uses a remote computer-based system to control production on a well by well basis with no physical presence at the wellhead. 

Surfaces are investigated with surface-sensitive teclmiques in order to elucidate fiindamental infonnation. The approach most often used is to employ a variety of techniques to investigate a particular materials system. As each teclmique provides only a limited amount of infonnation, results from many teclmiques must be correlated in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of surface properties. In section A 1.7.5. methods for the experimental analysis of surfaces in vacuum are outlined. Note that the interactions of various kinds of particles with surfaces are a critical component of these teclmiques. In addition, one of the more mteresting aspects of surface science is to use the tools available, such as electron, ion or laser beams, or even the tip of a scaiming probe instrument, to modify a surface at the atomic scale. The physics of the interactions of particles with surfaces and the kinds of modifications that can be made to surfaces are an integral part of this section. 

The mass spectrometer tends to be a passive instrument in these applications, used to record mass spectra. In chemical physics and physical chemistry, however, the mass spectrometer takes on a dynamic function as a... 

Another instrument used in physical chemistry research that employs quadnipole mass filters is the guided ion beam mass spectrometer [31]. A schematic diagram of an example of this type of instrument is shown in figure B 1.7.13. A... 

Probably the simplest mass spectrometer is the time-of-fiight (TOP) instrument [36]. Aside from magnetic deflection instruments, these were among the first mass spectrometers developed. The mass range is theoretically infinite, though in practice there are upper limits that are governed by electronics and ion source considerations. In chemical physics and physical chemistry, TOP instniments often are operated at lower resolving power than analytical instniments. Because of their simplicity, they have been used in many spectroscopic apparatus as detectors for electrons and ions. Many of these teclmiques are included as chapters unto themselves in this book, and they will only be briefly described here. 

Guilhaus M 1995 Principles and instrumentation in time-of-flight mass spectrometry physical and instrumental concepts J. Mass Spectrom. 30 1519-32... 

Calorimetry is the basic experimental method employed in thennochemistry and thennal physics which enables the measurement of the difference in the energy U or enthalpy //of a system as a result of some process being done on the system. The instrument that is used to measure this energy or enthalpy difference (At/ or AH) is called a calorimeter. In the first section the relationships between the thennodynamic fiinctions and calorunetry are established. The second section gives a general classification of calorimeters in tenns of the principle of operation. The third section describes selected calorimeters used to measure thennodynamic properties such as heat capacity, enthalpies of phase change, reaction, solution and adsorption. 

The experimental facts that led van t Hoff and Le Bel to propose that molecules having the same constitution could differ m the arrangement of their atoms m space concerned the physical property of optical activity Optical activity is the ability of a chiral sub stance to rotate the plane of plane polarized light and is measured using an instrument called a polarimeter (Figure 7 5)... 

Most of the experimental information concerning copolymer microstructure has been obtained by physical methods based on modern instrumental methods. Techniques such as ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy have all been used to good advantage in this type of research. Advances in instrumentation and computer interfacing combine to make these physical methods particularly suitable to answer the question we pose With what frequency do particular sequences of repeat units occur in a copolymer. 

K. Gamo, Nuclear Instruments andMethods in Physics Research B 121, 464—469 (1997). 

M. S. Khan, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Metalj Nonmetal Microsystems Physics, Technology, and Applications Proceedings of the Workshop, Polanica Zdroj, Poland, Sept. 11—14, 1995, 2780, 56—59 (1996). 

Detecting the presence of small, even invisible, amounts of blood is routine. Physical characteristics of dried stains give minimal information, however, as dried blood can take on many hues. Many of the chemical tests for the presence of blood rely on the catalytic peroxidase activity of heme (56,57). Minute quantities of blood catalyze oxidation reactions between colorless materials, eg, phenolphthalein, luco malachite green, luminol, etc, to colored or luminescent ones. The oxidant is typically hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (see Automated instrumentation,hematology). 

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