Innovation and Research

Until the 1970s, organic food production had been developed mainly by experienced practitioners. The idealism of the organic farming movement and the researchers working in this area ensured that interest centred not only on production technology and methods but also on related philosophical and social issues. 

research in organic fanning in most countries is intended to improve farm production techniques (Wynen and Vanzetti 1999). A trend towards process issues - food quality, environmental and social consequences, policy development, marketing - and a shift away from technical issues can he observed. 

In the above-mentioned example from Germany (Kolbe and Rikabi 2000), 63 per cent of researchers considered their research to be applied, while 30 per cent conducted applied as well as strategic and fundamental 

In principle, organic and conventional farmers face similar problems, and the general objective of research will always be to improve their respective farming systems. However, the remedies selected to address the problems encountered in these farming systems vary. Two separate aspects 

Some of these issues - which are vital for the success of organic farming 

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In this review we have attempted to present a unified treatment of this emerging area. By relating the diverse developments we hope that we have succeeded in pointing out some new opportunities for research and innovation and reducing the likelihood of overlaps and rediscoveries. The subject area of this review has hitherto fallen outside the scope of traditional chemical engineering instruction. We hope that this review will stimulate efforts to introduce such material into the classroom. 

The demonstration that neither of the ions-at-any-price views, the main rivals of the pseudo-cationic theory, is compatible with the facts does not, of course, prove the ester theory. As I pointed out in my introduction, it is not possible to prove any scientific theory. What has been demonstrated, however, is that the ester theory will account for most of the established facts it has the advantage of being based in conventional organic chemistry, and it provides interesting guide-lines for future research and innovation. 

Therefore, the research and innovation system of a country has to be analysed and must be convinced by the opportunities and the new vision of a 2000 Watt per capita society. Any recommended efficiency-policy portfolio and R D efforts have to be evaluated within the context of the relevant research and innovation boundary conditions of the actors and institutions involved (see Fig. 20.3). The research and innovation systems of a country encompass the biotopes of all the institutions that are ... 

The organisational structure of the energy efficiency community and the related research and innovation system obviously have to be much improved when compared to energy supply communities - whether thermal power plants, renewables,... 

U. Eberl, Fuel Cells and Gas Turbines A Marriage of Efficiency, Research and Innovation, January 2000. 

This work has been supported by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus New Faculty Awards Program, the James H. Zumberge Faculty Research and Innovation Fund of the University of Southern California, the WISE Research Fund (USC), the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society (types G and AC), and the National Science Foundation (CAREER award). 

Mansfield, Edwin, et al., Research and Innovation in the Modern Corporation, 34, Table 2.6, Norton, New York, 1971. 

The DRRA recognizes the need to encourage innovation and research and to get new drugs on the market faster. In practice, however, many of its provisions would probably inhibit research and innovation.(10) Significant aspects of the bill include the following ... 

Mary L. Mandich, Lucent Technologies When I saw market-driven research, I immediately thought about financial market drivers. How do you think the forward-looking strategy of corporate-supported research and innovation is affected by market trends and stock prices ... 

Of course, external influences on innovation are only one side of the equation. Chemical companies themselves have a responsibility to place research and innovation at the very heart of their strategies. This might mean looking beyond their... 

Bolton Institute Centre for Materials Research and Innovation http //www.bolton.ac.uk/ CMRI/... 

Nuclear Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Center, Institute of Research and Innovation, 1201, Takada, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba-ken, 277 Japan... 

Programme (FP6). The FP6 is the framework for the EU activity in the field of science, research, and innovation. The main objective of the FP6 is to contribute to the creation of the European Research Area (ERA) by improving integration and coordination of research in Europe. One of seven priority thematic areas is Life Science, Genomics and Biotechnology for Health. 

Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation Centre, North East Wales Institute, Deeside, Clwyd, UK CH5 4BR... 

One of the authors (M.S.) wishes to acknowledge the support of the University of Southern California through their Faculty Research and Innovation Fund, as... 

Institute of Research and Innovation, Takada 1201, Kashiwa, 277-8501 Japan E-mail seida iri.or.jp... 

The research and innovations in the area of electrostatics for pharmaceutical systems were reviewed in this article. The electrification, influence, and applications of charged solid particles and liquid droplets were discussed. Certain areas have been explored more extensively than others by researchers over the years, such as the electrostatics of powder handling and... 

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