Research analysis, requirements

Selecting calibration equations for routine or research analysis requires familiarity with the NIR forage literature. Of all the applications of NIR analysis, by far the greatest number of papers to date have been generated in regard to forage and grain analyses [47,80-95]. As seen in the references of this chapter, the main theme of the literature has been the analysis or the development of the... 

The utilization of commercially available finite element packages in the simulation of routine operations in industrial polymer processing is well established. However, these packages cannot be usually used as general research tools. Thus flexible in-house -created programs are needed to carry out the analysis required in the investigation, design and development of novel equipment and operations. 

Other important considerations in the design of an IRS are the data storage and analysis requirements. These need to be considered early in the design of the system if it is to be used to research and display trends effectively. For example, in addition to the answers to specific questions, the accident data analyst may wish to make use of free text descriptions of the circumstances of the accident. This implies that a text-based retrieval system will be required. 

Of course, the term proven efficacy is central to any resource investment in this area. Basic information on time and dose responses in humans to complex foods rich in carotenoids (and other phytochemicals) is pitifully small. Much of our information is based upon inadequate databases derived from chemical analysis, in vitro models that have not been properly evaluated or validated, and short-term, high-dose human studies. Future research progress requires much more rigorous debate on the experimental systems employed... 

Planning requirements for the specified value chain are elaborated in this chapter based on the value chain management framework established in chapter 2. Planning requirements are gathered from industry cases, research literature analysis and practice studies. A state of the art analysis of recent literature is conducted for these requirements in order to present recent concepts and applicable ideas and to specify research gaps. Requirements collection and coverage by state of the art literature is summarized at the end of the chapter also as input for the model development in the subsequent chapter. 

The major benefit of 2nd-order Monte Carlo analysis is that it allows analysts to propagate their uncertainty about distribution parameters in a probabilistic analysis. An analyst need not specify a precise estimate for an uncertain parameter value simply because one is needed to conduct the simulation. The relative importance of our inability to precisely specify values for constants or distributions for random variables can be determined by examining the spread of distributions in the output. If the spread is too wide to promote effective decision making, then additional research is required. 

Perhaps some of the large, extragalactic structures are artifacts of inexact observations and analysis. Further research is required to be certain.)... 

In the previous section, the phenomenological description of Brownian motion was presented. The Langevin analysis leads to a velocity autocorrelation function which decays exponentially with time. This is characteristic of a Markovian process, as Doobs has shown (see ref. 490). Since it is known heyond question that the velocity autocorrelation function is far from such an exponential function, the effect that the solvent structure has on the progress of a chemical reaction cannot be assessed very reliably by means of phenomenological Langevin description. Since the velocity of a solute is correlated with its velocity a while before, a description which fails to consider solute and solvent velocities can hardly be satisfactory. Necessarily, the analysis requires a modification of the Langevin or Fokker—Plank description. In this section, some comments are made on this new and exciting area of research. 

If research objectives require analysis over time, repackage and store samples appropriately after recording absorbance values. 

The theoretical questions which are posed and solved in these papers by Ya.B. and by Ya.B. with Yu. A. Zysin (articles 17 and 17a) have developed into an extensive separate branch of science—the theory of chemical reactors. Combustion in a reactor with ideal mixing is an example of the simplest thermal and gasdynamic situation, when the analysis requires only algebraic relations. This allows explicit demonstration of the basic features of exothermic chemical reactions in a flow which are also present in more complicated form in other combustion regimes—a laminar flame, diffusive combustion, detonation wave and others. Critical conditions of ignition and extinction and the existence of several regimes whose occurrence depends on the initial conditions—these are the most remarkable effects of combustion which attract the attention even of laymen. The relative ease of recording them makes them a convenient tool for physico-chemical research. 

A specific area of drug discovery research, which required an immediate need for highly sensitive and rapid analysis, dealt with... 

The boxes used throughout this document serve several purposes. Some boxes provide additional background and rationale for terms, whereas other boxes expand on concepts described in the text. The boxes at the end of each chapter highlight issues that are integral components of the risk assessment process but require more research, analysis, and debate. Further discussion of these issues is reserved for later guidelines. 

According to the structure and composition of materials and analysis requirements of the researcher, the following analysis techniques can be selected for the characterization of mesoporous materials XRD, TEM, adsorption-desorption (N2 or other gas), solid MAS NMR (29Si, 27Al, 13C, etc.), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), catalysis test, Fourier Transform infra-red (FT-IR), thermal analysis, UV-visible, and chemical analysis. IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge structure XANES, extended X-ray absorption fine structure EXAFS and other spectral methods are commonly used to analyse metal elements such as Ti in the mesoporous material frameworks. 

Since the two meta-analyses in 1995, five prospective, randomized, controlled trials of low-dose corticosteroids in vasopressor-dependent septic shock patients (n = 505) have been published. " These smdies used moderate physiologic doses (200 to 300 mg/day) of hydrocortisone. A meta-analysis of these studies showed that steroid therapy was associated with an overall improvement in survival rate (odds ratio [OR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.03-2.27 p =. 036) and shock reversal (OR 4.79, 95% Cl 2.07-11.11 p =. 001). These effects were beneficial in both responders and nonresponders to corticotrophin stimulation testing (p =. 63 and p =. 75, respectively). These smdies also showed that low-dose corticosteroid administration improves hemodynamics and reduces the duration of vasopressor support. " All these studies differ from earlier smdies in that steroids were admimstered later in septic shock (23 hours versus less than 2 hours p =. 02). In these studies, steroids were administered longer (6 days versus 1 day p =. 004), doses were tapered, lower doses were used (hydrocortisone eqmvalents 1209 mg versus 23,975 mg p =. 01), aU patients received high doses of catecholamine vasopressors, and control groups had higher mortality rates (mean 57% versus 34% p =. 03). Since only one of the five studies showed a mortality benefit of low-dose steroids in septic shock, further research is required to confirm this finding. ... 

The fast pace and highly interdisciplinary nature of drug discovery research further requires that these trace/mixture methods accommodate high-throughput analysis formats. Thus, there exists a balance between simplicity and complexity to provide methods that generate data and inspire confidence while maintaining speed. 

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