Hormones excess

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), defined as excessive thyroid activity, causes a state of thyroid hormone excess (thyrotoxicosis) characterized by an increased metabolic rate, increase in body temperature, sweating, tachycardia, tremor, nervousness, increased appetite and loss of weight. Common causes of hyperthyroidism are toxic multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma or diffuse toxic goitre ( Graves disease). Antithyroid diugs (methimazol, carbimazole, propylthiouracil) block thyroid hormone production and are hence suitable for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. 

Marx, S. J., and Simonds, W. F. (2005) Hereditary hormone excess genes, molecular pathways, and syndromes. Endocr. Rev. 26, 615-661. 

Scillitani, A., Chiodini, I., Carnevale, V., Giannatempo, G. M., Frusciante, V., etal., Skeletal involvement in female acromegalic subjects The effects of growth hormone excess in amenorrheal and menstruating patients. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1729-1736 (1997). 

UGT activity is modulated by various hormones. Excess thyroid hormone and ethinyl oestradiol (but not other oral contraceptives) inhibit bilirubin glucuronidation. In contrast, the combination of progestational and oestrogenic steroids results in increased enzyme activity. Bihrubin glucuronidation can also be inhibited by certain antibiotics (e.g. novobiocin or gentamicin, at serum concentrations exceeding therapeutic levels) and by chronic hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis and Wilson s disease. 

Raised hematocrit Sex hormones Excess alcohol consumption Obesity and diet°... 

Although several chapters of this textbook detail a variety of endocrine disorders, a brief introduction is appropriate here. In general, endocrine diseases result from either a deficiency or an excess of a single hormone or several hormones, or from resistance to the action of hormones. Hormone deficiency can be congenital or acquired and hormone excess can be from endogenous overproduction (from within the body) or exogenous overmedication. Hormone resistance can occur at several levels, but can most simply be characterized as receptor mediated, postreceptor mediated, or at the level of the target tissue. The clinical manifestations will depend on the hormone system affected and the type of abnormality. 

Figure 50-5 IGF-I concentrations in growth hormone excess and deficiency states. (Reproduced with permission Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE. Growdi hormone, somatomedins, and growth failure. Hasp Pract 1978 13 57-67. Illustration by Albert Miller.)...

Melmed S. Unwanted effects of growth hormone excess in the adult. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 9 Suppi 1996 3 369-74. 

Many disorders are associated with thyroid hormone excess or deficiency in the absence of definable thyroid disease. These states of euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia or euthyroid hypothyroxinemia often result from alterations in the concentration of thyroid hormone—binding proteins, the actions... 

The clinical signs and symptoms of thyroid hormone excess or deficiency are generally vague and nonspecific (see Box 52-4). Therefore when hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is suspected, confirmation with laboratory tests is generally required. Guidelines for the selection of appropriate laboratory tests for thyroid function have been published... 

M16. Moses, C., Sunder, J. H., Vester, J. W., and Donowski, T. S., Hydrocortisone and/or desiccated thyroid in physiological dosage. XI. Effects of thyroid hormone excesses on lipids and other blood and serum solutes. Metab., Clin. Exptl. 13, 717-728 (1964). 

Destruction of the pituitary gland may result in secondary hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, adrenal insufficiency, growth hormone deficiency, and hypoprolactinemia. The formation of certain types of pituitary tumors may result in pituitary hormone excess. Pituitary tumors may also physically compress the pituitary and prevent the release of the trophic hypothalamic factors that regulate pituitary hormones. In this chapter, the pathophysiology and role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of acromegaly, short stature, hyperprolactinemia, and panhypopituitarism will be discussed. 

Growth hormone excess in children is characterized by extremely rapid linear growth (gigantism). The condition is rare and is most often due to a pituitary tumour. Other causes of tall. stature in children include ... 

It s possible that fetal overexposure to stress hormones causes physiological programming that endures through childhood and adulthood. Animal experiments demonstrate that prenatal stress hormone excess reduces birth weight and causes lifelong postnatal hypertension, hyperglycemia, and behavioral abnormalities.57 In fact, the scientific literature cites many animal experiments on the effects of maternal stress on fetal development, but it s difficult to interpret what these results mean for human fetal development.58... 

Vera Leizd was bom with a normal female genotype and phenotype, had ) normal female sexual development, spontaneous onset of puberty, and reg-ular, although somewhat scanty, menses until the age of 20. At that point, she developed secondary amenorrhea (cessation of menses) and evidence of male hormone excess with early virilization (masculinization). 

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