Refining, paint manufacturing

An excellent review of hybrid methods (including ultrasonics) to treat effluents and groundwater containing phenolic compounds has recently been published (Gogate, 2008). Phenols arise from many processes, including petroleum refining, paint manufacture and pharmaceuticals production, and effluent treatment is necessary to eliminate them. The emphasis of the review of over 60 papers in the field is to highlight... 

The manufacture of fertilizers was discussed in Chapter 14. Phosphate rock is digested with sulfuric acid to convert CaC03 into a more soluble form that contains a higher percentage of phosphorus. Sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst in alkylation reactions, petroleum refining, manufacture of detergents, paints, dyes, and fibers, and other processes. It is also used as the electrolyte in the lead-acid battery that is used in automobiles. Sulfuric acid is an enormously important chemical commodity that it would be hard to do without. 

Used in metal treating/cleaning operations, petroleum well activation, refining ore in the production of tin and tantalum, hydrolyzing of starch and proteins in production of various foods, in the production synthetic rubber, vinyl chloride and alkyl chlorides and in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes and dyestuffs, artificial silk and pigments for paints. 

Uses Manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, flotation agents, ammonium salts, carbon tetrachloride, carbanilide, paints, enamels, paint removers, varnishes, tallow, textiles, rocket fuel, soil disinfectants, electronic vacuum tubes, herbicides grain fumigants solvent for fats, resins, phosphorus, sulfur, bromine, iodine, and rubber petroleum and coal tar refining solvent and eluant for organics adsorbed on charcoal for air analysis. 

Its compounds have many practical uses. For example, when the mineral barite is ground up into a fine powder, it can be used as a filler and brightener for writing and computer paper. It is also used (along with zinc sulfide) as a pigment, called lithopone, for white paint. Barium compounds are also used in the manufacture of plastics, rubber, resins, ceramics, rocket fuel, fireworks, insecticides, and fungicides and to refine vegetable oils. 

The refined waxes and oils have a wide variety of end uses eg in the manufacture of hand cleaners, hair pomades, milking creams, waxed food cartons, chewing gum, desensitiser in the explosives industry, crayons, candles, printing ink, industrial jellies, water proofing, carbon paper wax, hot melt adhesives, paints, varnishes and many others. 

About 60 percent of the sulfuric acid in turn is used for agricultural purposes, mainly in phosphoric acid production, and intermediate in fertilizer manufacture. Another important use of sulfuric acid is in petroleum refining. Chemical uses, including plastics, paper and paint, account for 8 percent of sulfur production, sulfuric acid again being a major outlet. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production consumes 8 percent and miscellaneous uses add up to 18 percent. 

The major source of carbon tetrachloride in air is industrial emissions. Carbon tetrachloride has been detected in surface water, groundwater and drinking-water as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. Carbon tetrachloride has also been found in wastewater from iron and steel manufacturing, foundries, metal finishing, paint and ink formulations, petroleum refining and nonferrous metal manufacturing industries (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Major uses of phenol include production of phenolic resins, epoxy resins, and 2,4-D (regulated in many countries) as a selective solvent for refining lubricating oils in the manufacture of adipic acid, salicylic acid, phenophthalein, pentachlorophenol, acetophenetidine, picric acid germicidal paints, and pharmaceuticals as well as use as a laboratory reagent. Special uses include dyes and indicators, and slimicides. 

Mercury is mined predominantly as HgS in cinnabar ore and is then converted commercially to a variety of chemical forms. Key industrial and commercial applications of mercury are found in the electrolytic production of chlorine and caustic soda the manufacture of electrical equipment, thermometers, and other instruments paint and pigment production dental amalgam and gold refining. Use in pharmaceuticals and in biocides has declined substantially in recent years, but occasional use in antiseptics and folk medicines is still encountered. Environmental exposure to mercury from the burning of fossil fuels—or the bioaccumulation of methylmercury in fish—... 

In the petroleum industry, sulfuric acid is used in refining processes to remove certain undesired components from crude petroleum. This acid is also employed in large quantities in the manufacture of explosives, paints, pigments, storage batteries, textiles (rayon and other cellulose products), dyes, drugs, and so forth. 

Uses Nitrobenzene is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. It has been used extensively in a variety of industries, (e.g., the manufacture of aniline dyes and soaps, as solvent for paints, for refining lubricating oils, as shoe polish, floor polish, dressings for leather products, the manufacture of explosives). 

The results from field and customer trials can be immediate, as in the case of the paint formulation, or take a long time to obtain, as in the evaluation of corrosion protection. Because of the time and cost involved, it is unlikely that field trials would be organised without a high probability of success. Whilst awaiting the results the time can be usefully filled with work on the final process and plant refinements for the full scale, trial manufacture. 

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