References Cited

Altabet, M.A., and R. Francois. 1994. Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8(1) 103-116. 

Aminot, A., and R. Keroul. 1991. Autoclaved seawater as a reference material for the determination of nitrate and phosphate in seawater. Analyhcal Chimica Acta 248 277-283. 

Anderson, L.A. 1995. On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Research I 42(9) 1675-1680. 

Armstrong, R.A., C. Lee, J.I. Hedges, S. Honjo, and S.G. Wakeham. 2002. A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep-Sea Research II 49 219-236. 

Sherma in Food Analysis - Principles and Techniques, Vol. 4, Separation Techniques , D. W. Greenwedel and J. R. Whitaker (eds), Marcel Dekker Inc., Chap. 5, pp. 297-363 (1984-87). 

Fischer, and H. Wilmer, Thin Layer Chromatography, Reagents and Detection Methods, VCH, New York, 1990. 

Palmer and F. Rabel, Planar Chromatography Background Contaminants Some Causes and Cures, Ainer. Lab. May 1992, p. 28BB-28DD. 

Harrison Research, Instruction Manual, Chromatotron Model 8924, Palo Alto, CA, 1990. 

Kaiser, Chromatographic Methods Planar Chromatography, Vol. 1, Heuthig Verlag, Germany, (1986). 

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Equation V-64 is that of a parabola, and electrocapillary curves are indeed approximately parabolic in shape. Because E ax tmd 7 max very nearly the same for certain electrolytes, such as sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate, it is generally assumed that specific adsorption effects are absent, and Emax is taken as a constant (-0.480 V) characteristic of the mercury-water interface. For most other electrolytes there is a shift in the maximum voltage, and is then taken to be Emax 0.480. Some values for the quantities are given in Table V-5 [113]. Much information of this type is due to Gouy [125], although additional results are to be found in most of the other references cited in this section. 

The uncertainties in choice of potential function and in how to approximate the surface distortion contribution combine to make the calculated surface energies of ionic crystals rather uncertain. Some results are given in Table VII-2, but comparison between the various references cited will yield major discrepancies. Experimental verification is difficult (see Section VII-5). Qualitatively, one expects the surface energy of a solid to be distinctly higher than the surface tension of the liquid and, for example, the value of 212 ergs/cm for (100)... 

Rather sophisticated techniques have developed for both microscopies, too involved to discuss here. E)etails may be found in monographs such as Ref. 25, and references cited in Section VlII-2. 

The subject of catalysis has evolved with little integration of homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biological catalysis, as is reflected in the general references cited in the further reading section. 

An important ingredient in the analysis has been the positions of zeros of I (x, t) in the complex t plane for a fixed x. Within quantum mechanics the zeros have not been given much attention, but they have been studied in a mathematical context [257] and in some classical wave phenomena ([266] and references cited therein). Their relevance to our study is evident since at its zeros the phase of D(x, t) lacks definition. Euture theoretical work shall focus on a systematic description of the location of zeros. Eurther, practically oriented work will seek out computed or... 

The vibronic coupling model has been applied to a number of molecular systems, and used to evaluate the behavior of wavepackets over coupled surfaces [191]. Recent examples are the radical cation of allene [192,193], and benzene [194] (for further examples see references cited therein). It has also been used to explain the lack of structure in the S2 band of the pyrazine absoiption spectrum [109,173,174,195], and recently to study the photoisomerization of retina] [196],... 

In practice, each CSF is a Slater determinant of molecular orbitals, which are divided into three types inactive (doubly occupied), virtual (unoccupied), and active (variable occupancy). The active orbitals are used to build up the various CSFs, and so introduce flexibility into the wave function by including configurations that can describe different situations. Approximate electronic-state wave functions are then provided by the eigenfunctions of the electronic Flamiltonian in the CSF basis. This contrasts to standard FIF theory in which only a single determinant is used, without active orbitals. The use of CSFs, gives the MCSCF wave function a structure that can be interpreted using chemical pictures of electronic configurations [229]. An interpretation in terms of valence bond sti uctures has also been developed, which is very useful for description of a chemical process (see the appendix in [230] and references cited therein). 

The full quantum mechanical study of nuclear dynamics in molecules has received considerable attention in recent years. An important example of such developments is the work carried out on the prototypical systems H3 [1-5] and its isotopic variant HD2 [5-8], Li3 [9-12], Na3 [13,14], and HO2 [15-18], In particular, for the alkali metal trimers, the possibility of a conical intersection between the two lowest doublet potential energy surfaces introduces a complication that makes their theoretical study fairly challenging. Thus, alkali metal trimers have recently emerged as ideal systems to study molecular vibronic dynamics, especially the so-called geometric phase (GP) effect [13,19,20] (often referred to as the molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect [19] or Berry s phase effect [21]) for further discussion on this topic see [22-25], and references cited therein. The same features also turn out to be present in the case of HO2, and their exact treatment assumes even further complexity [18],... 

References cited in the corresponding chapters of this book direct the interested reader to these books that provide much more detail in greater depth than is possible here. We can present only the major foundations, methods, and uses of these subjects as we have deemed necessary. 

Filling of these cavities with a nonpolar molecules is enthalpy driven. See Diederich, F. Smithrud, D. B. Sanford, E. M. Wyman, T. B. Ferguson, S. B. Carcanague, D. R. Chao, I. Houk, K. N. Acta Chem. Scand. 1992, 46, 205 and references cited therein See (a) Blokzijl, W. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Groningen, 1991 (b) Streefland, L. Ph. D. TTzewis, University of Gronirigen, 1998 and references cited therein. 

The most general pathways to thiazoles bearing such groups as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkenyl, substituted or not by functional groups, are the cyclization reactions described in Chapter II. A certain number of indirect methods also exist, though only a few examples of each are given here. Others are discussed in the following chapters, with the more important references cited here. 

Source A. H. Wapstra and G. Audi, The 1983 Atomic Mass Evaluation, Nucl. Phys., A432 l-54 (1985) and references cited for Table 4.16. 

The references cited in the chapter are provided so the student can access them for further information. 

J. Troit2sch, Proceedings of the FRCA 1987 International Conference, Lancaster, Pa., 1987, pp. 141—150, and references cited thereia. 

Apart from the technical classification information, E, the front page of the patent also contains a listing of pubHcations or references cited during examination, G, including "United States Patent Documents," "Eoreign Patent Documents," and "Other PubHcations" such as trade Hterature, journal articles, and product descriptions. 

J. Arhne, Rarpid Prototyping Rep. 1, 7 (1991) C. Decker, in P. K. T. Oldring, ed.. Chemistry andTechnology ofUV andEB Formulation for Coatings, Inks and Paints, Vol. 5, SITA Technologies, London, 1994, pp. 221—225 and references cited therein J. S. Amey, L. Sanders, and R. Hardesty,/ ImagingSd. Technol 38, 262 (1994). 

The production of elfamycins is described in the references cited in Table 1. Fermentation yield improvements with aurodox (1, R = CH ) proved difficult because of feedback inhibition (48). Aurodox-resistant strains (49), however, responded positively to conventional mutagenic methods leading to yield increases from 0.4 to 2.5 g/L (50). Scale-up of efrotomycin (7, R = CH ) fermentations were found to be particularly sensitive to small changes in sterilization conditions of the oil-containing medium used (51). 

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