Important references

The sign of the last term depends on the parity of the system. Note that in the first and last term (in fact, determinants), the spin-orbit functions alternate, while in all others there are two pairs of adjacent atoms with the same spin functions. We denote the determinants in which the spin functions alternate as the alternant spin functions (ASF), as they turn out to be important reference terms. 

The most general pathways to thiazoles bearing such groups as alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and alkenyl, substituted or not by functional groups, are the cyclization reactions described in Chapter II. A certain number of indirect methods also exist, though only a few examples of each are given here. Others are discussed in the following chapters, with the more important references cited here. 

According to the classification of Section 4.04.1.1.3 this section deals with A -(IS), A -(16) and A -pyrazolines (17), and with pyrazolidones (18) and aminopyrazolines. The number of publications dealing with these compounds is so large that only the most relevant results and most important references will be described. The Jarboe review on pyrazolines (67HC(22)l) contains information up to 1963 and fortunately the chemistry of pyrazolidones and aminopyrazolines is covered by an excellent review by Dorn in 1980 (8OCHEI). 

Table 3-1 Data and application range of important reference electrodes...

While all contributions are independent, they collectively paint a broad picture of current developments in multiscale quantum model methods at the frontier of the field. As such, this book will serve as an important reference to the scientific community. Finally, we are especially grateful to our authors who contributed excellent chapters to this volume. 

The pH-metric method is an important reference method because it can be used to measure all pKas between 2 and 12, with or without a UV chromophore, provided that the sample can be dissolved in water or water/co-solvent over the pH range of interest. In this method, the sample solution is titrated with acid or base, the titration is monitored with a glass pH electrode, and the pKa is calculated from the... 

Some important references for atomic and molecular spectra are ... 

One of the most important references used during an industrial hygiene study involving toxic chemicals is the material safety data sheet (MSDS). A sample MSDS is shown in Fig-... 

For organic hydrogen bonds, methanol takes the role that HF has for inorganic hydrogen bonds it is the simplest conceivable prototype. Its cluster spectroscopy has been reviewed together with that of water clusters [98], While the monomer vibrational dynamics is in general well-studied [214 217], different values for the fundamental O—H stretching band center are in use [63, 64, 75, 173, 189, 218]. Based on combined Raman and IR evidence, a value of 3684 3686 cm 1 appears well-justified [16, 65, 77, 82, 216]. It serves as an important reference for vibrational red shifts in methanol clusters. 

One of the ways to generate the tetramethylenethane-type diradical 350, an important reference compound in connection with non-Kekule hydrocarbons [147], consists in the thermal isomerization of hydrocarbon 34 at -100 °C [43, 148], Under the reaction conditions, the six-membered ring of 350 ruptures to yield [4]dendralene (3,4-bismethylene-1,5 -hexadiene) (351). 

Because the SHE anchors the potentials tabulated for all the remaining electrodes, it is the most important reference electrode. Although it is not difficult to build [332], its use is not always convenient. For instance, if we are interested in the reduction potential of species 1 in a solvent other than water (as in reaction 16.14), we will wish to use a reference electrode whose potential is accurately known in that solvent (see following discussion). 

One of the most important references to guide us in designing automated apparatus can be found in USP (1). 

Of course it will be impossible, in a few pages, to give a complete description of phase diagram science, and only an outline of some noteworthy aspects will be presented. Notice that the phase diagrams presented first are equilibrium diagrams. These represent an important reference point and describe the final state (stable state) which can be reached in a reaction of the substances involved. Slow (or very... 

Calculation, thermodynamic optimization of phase diagrams. The knowledge of phase equilibria, phase stability, phase transformations is an important reference point in the description and understanding of the fundamental properties of the alloys and of their possible technological applications. This interest has promoted a multi-disciplinary and multi-national effort dedicated not only to experimental methods, but also to techniques of optimization, calculation and prediction of... 

A number of points are relevant for a full crystallochemical characterization for each of them a few noteworthy remarks will be presented in the following. To this end, crystallographic conventions, nomenclature and symbols will be used. For a summary of these and of the corresponding definitions the most important reference book is International Tables for Crystallography (Hahn 2002). 

Cu-derivative, substitutional and interstitial superstructures. As discussed in 3.8.1 ff, the Cu-type structure is also an important reference structure because it may be considered the ancestor of several derivative structures. 

The NiAs structure is an important reference type because of its several (filled-up and defect) derivative structures. If atoms are left out of the metal layers in an ordered way, defects superstructures are obtained the Cdl2 type is obtained when all the metal atoms are omitted in alternate layers. On the contrary other derivative structures (filled-up structures) may be obtained by adding atoms in the same layers as... 

Drs. Mary Gale, Brian Lloyd, and the late Hugh Sinclair helped us with references to early studies on nutrition Mr. Reg Hems and Dr. Dereck Williamson recounted their memories of working with Sir Hans Krebs and Dr. F. L. Holmes very kindly allowed us to read in manuscript the first volume of his authoritative work on Krebs. The late Professors Bill Paton and David Whitteridge directed us to important references in the history of physiology. Professor Bradford, the... 

During the period 1945-1960, Prigogine worked on an intensive research program on Mixtures and Solutions. It can be framed into what can be called Classical physical chemistry. It is clearly inspired by the professor he succeeded at the ULB and to whom many references are made Jean Timmermans, a remarkable experimental physico-chemist. The results of these research efforts were published in a monograph written by Ilya Prigogine, Victor Mathot, and Andre Bellemans The Molecular Theory of Solutions (LS.7), published in 1957 today this is still considered to be an important reference. 

In the field of ion-selective electrodes the potentials of electrodes of the second kind, acting as reference electrodes, are especially important. The electrode potentials of the most important reference electrodes, the silver chloride and calomel electrodes, are... 

Except for a veiled but important reference in Banting s 1922 account, there are no other useful written records of this incident. Clark Noble once drew a cartoon, unfortunately now lost, of Banting sitting on Collip, choking him he captioned it The Discovery of Insulin . 

This section is devoted to odd-electron multicenter bonds. Two-center three-electron bonds were described by Pauling (1931). Since the first prediction by Pauling, a great deal of interest has been expressed in such systems. The following text provides a list of important references. 

The present writer s files contain over one thousand references pertinent to these topics, which are considerably less than half of those extant. The omission of any important reference from the following list should not be construed as lack of appreciation of its value. 

This section has been added in order to bring this review up to date as well as include important references overlooked earlier. 

Upper intake level (UL) of vitamins. The UL is defined as the highest level of intake of a nutrient that will not pose a risk of adverse health effects to most individuals in the general population. The UL is an important reference standard, especially with the current promotion and wide availability of vitamin preparations. A table of the DRIs for vitamins is available on the lOM s web site at http //www.nationalacademies.org/IOM/IOMHome. nsf/Pages/Ongoing+Studies FNB. 

---