Solvent reduction

The solubility of the resulting product may dictate the choice of solvent. Reductive alkylation of norepinephrine with a series of keto acids proceeded smoothly over platinum oxide in methanol-acetic acid mixtures. However, when n = 4 or 5, the product tended to precipitate from solution, making catalyst separation difficult. The problem was circumvented by using glacial acetic acid as solvent 38). 

Another influence that electrolyte materials have on the cycle life of a practical lithium cell results from the evolution of gas as a result of solvent reduction by lithium. For example, EC and PC give rise to [53] evolution of ethylene and propylene gas, respectively. In a practical sealed-structure cell, the existence of gas causes irregular lithium deposition. This is because the gas acts as an electronic insulator and lithium is not deposited on an anode surface where gas has been absorbed. As a result, the lithium cycling efficiency is reduced and shunting occurs. 

According to the depth profile of lithium passivated in LiAsF6 / dimethoxyethane (DME), the SEI has a bilayer structure containing lithium methoxide, LiOH, Li20, and LiF [21]. The oxide-hydroxide layer is close to the lithium surface and there are solvent-reduction species in the outer part of the film. The thickness of the surface film formed on lithium freshly immersed in LiAsF /DME solutions is of the order of 100 A. 

Solvent degassing (LC) 553 Solvent demixing (TLC) 660 Solvent effects, splitless injection (GC) 250 Solvent extraction 753 applications 766 hoBogenizer 761 i plitgers 756 micTMethods 764 microwave 761 optimization 753 shake flask 761 solvent reduction 763 Soxhlet 762 Solvent (LC)... 

Installation of a water-based electrostatic immersion painting system to replace a solvent-based painting system. The water-based system resulted in a waste solvent reduction of more than 95%. 

When the electrolyte solutions are not too reactive, as in the case of ethereal solutions, there is no massive formation of protective surface films at potentials above Li intercalation potential, and most of the solvent reduction processes may occur at potentials lower than 0.3 V vs. Li/Li+. Hence, the passivation of the electrodes is not sufficient to prevent cointercalation of solvent molecules. This leads to an exfoliation of the graphite particles into amorphous dust (expholiated graphene planes). This scenario is demonstrated in Figure 2a as the reduction of the 002 diffraction peak21 of the graphite electrode, polarized cathodically in an ethereal solution. 

The univalent anions in this series, unlike those in the nickel group, cannot be prepared satisfactorily by solvent reduction because these anions are themselves reduced slowly by solvents. 

A more commonly used catalyst for hydrogenation has been 5% Pd/C in either ethanol or dioxane as solvent. Reduction of the carboxylate... 

Differences in chemical composition were also observed in the SEIs formed on basal planes and edge sites. The former were more enriched with organic species and the latter with inorganic species, especially with the decomposition products that obviously originated from salt anions. The authors thus concluded that, on the basal plane, the major contribution to SEI formation is from solvent reductive... 

Electrochemical properties of samarium(ii) iodide are very sensitive to the nature of solvents. Reduction potential increases by replacing THE with a more polar solvent, such as DME or CH3CN. Addition of HMPA to a THE solution of samarium(ii) iodide leads to a substantial increase in the electron-donating nature of samarium(ii). The principal samarium(ii) species in a mixed solvent of THE and HMPA is an ionic cluster of [Sm(HMPA)4(THE)2] 2I in HMPA-THF (4 1) or [Sm(HMPA)6] 2I in HMPA-THE (>10 1). The reactivity order of the samarium(ii) complexes is [Sm(HMPA)6] 2I > [Sm(HMPA)4(THF)2] 2P > Sml2 in the reaction with 1-iodobutane. 

Solvent reduction Less solvent required, less Reduced capacity requirements, less... 

Pfizer has also had solvent reduction programs for diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, hexane, and pentane, and these have all undergone either substantial reductions or in some cases total elimination. In the case of diisopropyl ether, which easily forms explosive peroxides, some journal editors will only accept papers using this solvent if a scientific justification for its usage is given, and this approach is to be applauded [7]. 

After the transition time, reaction (47) can no longer sustain the current i and the potential of the cathode will shift negatively until some other electrode reaction (such as solvent reduction) becomes feasible. 

A formally -elimination reaction occurs when [Pt2Et3(jw-dppm)2]+ is thermolyzed to give [Pt2Et2( i-H)( i-dppm)2]+. This reaction across a biplatinum complex follows first-order kinetics, and is not retarded by added dppm. The -elimination step is not rate determining.56 Photolysis of [Pt2Me3(/r-dppm)2]+ in pyridine gives PtMe dppm) and [PtMe(py)dppm]+, but in MeCN, acetone or CH2C12 solvent, reductive elimination of ethane occurs.5 ... 

The mother-liquor from the monoiodide gives p-anisyl methyltelluridi-iodide, CH3O.C6H4.Te(CH3)I2, a red crystalline substance, M.pt. 109° C., soluble in organic solvents. Reduction of this substance by aqueous potassium metabisulphite in the presence of ether yields p-anisyl methyl... 

The analytical procedures for determining organic compounds in water samples usually involve a number of steps, such as solvent extraction, chemical fractionation, sample cleanup, and solvent reduction, before the final analysis is undertaken. Regardless of the complexity of the analytical procedure, however, almost all water samples are stored in a container for some time between... 

Curylo, J., W. Wardencki, and J. Namiesnik. 2007. Green aspects of sample preparation—a need for solvent reduction. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 16 5-16. 

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