Recycling cost

Recycling cost = Revenue from sale of recyclable material (or profit) + Avoided cost of MSW collection 

Although there is a social desire to recycle, the current price of landfill space in some areas has not yet offset the cost of curbside collecdon of recyclables. Recycling in Illinois is generally paid for on a per household basis. The cost of recycling may be expected to add 10-25% to the cost of existing refuse disposal. This translates into an additional cost of l- 2.50 per month per household, either paid by a municipality throu. general/taxpayer funds or directly included on homeowner bills. 

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As the reactor conversion increases, the reactor volume increases and hence reactor capital cost increases. At the same time, the amount of unconverted feed needing to be separated decreases and hence the cost of recycling unconverted feed decreases, as shown in Fig. 8.1. Combining the reactor and recycle costs into a total cost indicates that there is an optimal reactor conversion. 

However, the concentration of impurity in the recycle is varied as shown in Fig. 8.5, so each component cost shows a family of curves when plotted against reactor conversion. Reactor cost (capital only) increases as before with increasing conversion (see Fig. 8.5a). Separation and recycle costs decrease as before (see Fig. 8.56). Figure 8.5c shows the cost of the heat exchanger network and utilities to again decrease with increasing conversion. In Fig. 8.5d, the purge... 

An increases in space velocity increases the ethanol production rate, but at the expense of incurring higher recycling costs. 

Dr. Blum Our office in New York has done several economic analyses. The distinct advantage of liquid-phase methanation, other than the fact it does not have recycle cost, is that it requires only about 60% of the capital cost. For a commercial plant of 250 billion Btu per day, the capital cost is projected at about 18,000,000. Since the operating costs depend very substantially on the capital costs, there is a very big reduction in operating costs. We project at the moment an advantage in the order of four to six cents per million Btu over cold gas and hot gas recycle. 

In EU countries, the principle behind directives for collection, recovery, and reuse has been EPR, making producers responsible for the take-back of e-waste. Canada and Australia are among other countries developing systems based on these principles. Japan s Reuse, Recycling and Recovery system differs in some ways, while still promoting take-back by manufacturers. The most salient difference is the direct payment of recycling costs by Japanese consumers. 

The objective function was defined in terms of alkylate product, or output value minus feed and recycle costs operating costs were not reflected in the function. The total profit per day, to be maximized, is... 

From an economic point of view, the cost assessment of the recyclate depends primarily on the price retained for the waste. The recycling cost is in the range of ... 

Surplus recycling costs - a number of chemicals are potentially to be recycled. However, the improper handling of the solvent will probably reduce the output of the recycling procedure. This increases the amount of chemical waste as well as the need for further chemical production. 

The more expensive the catalyst, the higher the optimum recycle flowrate (and reactor pressure drop). We are trading off recycle costs with reactor costs. No bypass flow is needed when the inlet temperature is 475 K or higher. The optimum y A/y B ratio decreases as recycle flowrate increases because the costs associated with heat transfer and compression are lower with more B in the gas because of its higher molar heat capacity. 

Considerations of ionic liquid recyclability, cost, toxicity etc. are also important. These are less pertinent for small-scale laboratory investigations but will become increasingly important as the field progresses towards larger scale synthesis for device applications. 

A more detailed discussion from an economic and operability viewpoint can be found in Doherty and Malone [8]. Despite the apparent advantage, the two-column sequence seems not to be the most economical because of the large entrainer recycle and large number of stages. On the contrary, the two-column sequence plus enrichment column, in total three units, offers the best compromise between investment and solvent-recycle costs. 

Graftech summarises the properties of Grafcell as corrosion free, low specific density, low contact resistance, high electrical conductivity, impact resistant, high thermal conductivity, recyclable, cost-effective manufacturing and thin. 

Total cost for feedstock recycling of plastic containers and packaging consists of the collection and baling costs, which are paid by the municipality, and the recycling cost paid by businesses that manufacture or use the containers and businesses that use the relevant packaging. The present status and scope for feedstock recycling are discussed below. 

In Table 26.22, the costs for collection and baling of post-use plastic containers and packaging paid by the municipality in 2000 are shown [3]. The recycling cost in the third column corresponds to the expense paid by the municipality instead of small businesses. 

Evidently, the total incineration cost is much lower than the feedstock recycling cost. The average waste treatment cost in Japan attained 50 Yen/kg or higher in 2001 [4], The old incineration plant and landfill site, of course, contribute significantly to the lower cost. The total incineration cost in Sendai is lower than the average cost in Japan. Sendai city, however, has started a new incineration plant, 600 1/d in capacity which should elevate incineration cost at least 50% over the present one. 

On-sIte use/reuse. After the recycling process, the recovered material can be used directly and carefully in a way that does not affect the quality of the product. The economic value of the waste and its recycling cost should be competitive. 

In this expression, Fb, Fcd represent the production rates of B and CD, respectively, and Fao is the amount of fresh feed. The first term corresponds to the product value, while the second term corresponds to the cost of waste treatment for undesired products C and D. The third term corresponds to the reactor capital cost, while the fourth and the fifth terms correspond to the recycling costs. The costs incurred for maintaining a desired separation profile, C ep, is given in (PI4). 

More recycle costs vs. increased feed use and waste formation ... 

Isobutane oxidation is performed in the liquid phase at 130-160 °C and elevated pressures. Since this exceeds the critical temperature of isobutane (134 °C), products (TBA, t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)) must be present to maintain a liquid phase. The epoxidation step is performed at 100-130 °C using 10-300 ppm of Mo. Since propene is a rather unreactive olefin, a high propene/TBHP molar ratio is used to suppress nonproductive decomposition of TBHP. The high propene concentration leads to very high operating pressures and high recycle costs. The PO and TBA products are purified by a combination of direct and extractive distillation. TBHP conversion and PO selectivity are in excess of 90 %. 

The reactor pressure should be as low as possible without excessive recycle costs or equipment size. Usually, it is near atmospheric, though reduced pressures (under vacuum) have been used in the Houdry butane dehydrogenation process. In any case, the catalyst bed must be designed for a low pressure drop. 

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