Cost, recycle operation

Recycling is not the total answer to the soUd waste problem. However, efficiently operated recycling programs can easily divert 35% or more of municipal soUd waste away from disposal. Curbside coUection systems offer the opportunity to coUect the greatest amount of recyclables in the most cost-efficient manner. It is imperative that communities and recyclers operate programs that are glass-friendly and which result in color-separated, contaminant-free material. 

The choice of recycling to materials or energy has to be decided by an economic audit. Recycling is preferable to landfill practice, the costs of which are increasing and where the favorable properties of plastics are not used. Municipal authorities have to consider the economics of recycling operations, tak-... 

Nickel Sulfamate. Vltramon, a Thomas and Betts subsidiary, installed a 1 gpm ARO system to recover rinses and recycle nickel bath used to plate electronic capacitors. Previously, Vitramon had used an ion exchange system to remove the nickel. Ion exchange regenerant was shipped to a reclaimer. Water was reused. Ion exchange cost of operation was 4,000 per month. The ARO system maintains the rinse at less than 40 ppm nickel. Savings from nickel recovery and avoided treatment cost will provide a payback of approximately 10 months. 

The reaction studied in Section 2.2 has two reactants and therefore offers the possibility of adjusting the compositions of the reactants in the reactor to achieve some economic or control objective. In this section we first find the cost of operating single and multiple CSTR processes to achieve a specified conversion. Then we design an alternative process consisting of a reactor and a distillation column that separates product C from the unreacted A and B in the reactor effluent and recycles them back to the reactor. 

One common method for managing the adiabatic temperature rise in fixed-bed reactors is to dilute the reactant stream with a gas that would provide the mass to absorb the heat of reaction. Light hydrocarbon reaction products (methane, ethane, propane) can be recycled for this purpose. However, the costs associated with the recycle operation could be substantial if the reaction is strongly exothermic. Special attention must be given to reduce the recycle ratio. 

The initial equipment costs and operating costs for the more conventional processes are higher than for supercritical carbon dioxide. The higher equipment costs are due to the additional parts needed for environmental treatments (i.e., scrubbers, vapor incinerators, etc.) The consumables costs are lower for the supercritical fluid processes due to the closed-loop recycle design of the supercritical fluid system, elimination of water for rinsing and the reduced electricity costs associated with not having to dry the parts. 

To avoid the product losses the recycling cascades are employed (Figure 30.2). The cascades with reflux are more complicated and the capital costs and costs of operation are higher they are sensible only in the case of expensive row material. Technical and economic considerations on such systems were performed in basic books for isotope separation [11,12], as well as by Hwang and Kammermeyer [13]. 

Taking hydroformylation as a typical, homogeneously catalyzed process. Figure 1 demonstrates the different methods for the separation and the recycling of the catalyst. Obviously, the shortest and thus least costly recycle and the minimal thermal stress are achieved with the biphasic operation. 

Continuous with recycle Operating at dilution rates greater than the maximum specific growth rate Increased productivity Maintenance of sterility High energy costs... 

Utilities savings for a once-through vs. recycle operation arise from lower pumping and compression costs as a result of the possible lower design pressure and also of lower hydrogen consumption. Additional savings are realized as a result of the lower oil and gas circulation rates required, because recycle of oil from the fractionator s bottom is not necessary. 

Diastereoisomers have two chiral centers, and those created with the compound being separated will not have the same solubilities and other properties as the original isomers. This is the most common option exercised in practice. However, it can often be quite costly, because the chiral compound being added to carry out the separation is frequently very expensive, and even in a recycle operation, it can add much cost due to material loss. 

Profitability is the difference of the revenue earned and the cost incurred. Revenue is obtained from the sale of product to the market (Ypi), treated waste to the market (Ytwi) and untreated waste to the neighboring plant (Yuwi)- Cost is incurred from the investment of the process and waste treatment unit as well as the cost of operation (i.e. cost of feed streams, cost of disposal of treated and untreated waste, cost of recycling treated and untreated waste). Profit, lEcP and lEvP for the IE with 6 plants are as follows ... 

Ni-Cd battery processing and recycling involves a number of processes, including physical component separation and applying chemical and/or thermal stresses to the resulting materials. Some of these materials are toxic, and these operations involve a number of workplace dangers. Thus, these facilities are technically sophisticated and costly to operate. Most nations require that operators obtain and comply with hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility permits. 

Two distinct financial management schemes can also be identified. The governments of Belgium, Sweden and Switzerland each define an environmental fee which is added to the price of every battery sold in order to finance the collection and recycling operations. The remaining countries pass financial control onto the producers and importers of the batteries, who are then responsible for recovering their costs from the market through sales of new products. 

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