Small-scale laboratory investigations

Considerations of ionic liquid recyclability, cost, toxicity etc. are also important. These are less pertinent for small-scale laboratory investigations but will become increasingly important as the field progresses towards larger scale synthesis for device applications. 

In terms of ocean disposal of carbon dioxide, further studies must be undertaken in the areas of physical chemistry, oceanography and marine biology to establish the fate of the carbon dioxide that is injected and its impact on the sea-bed ecology. This will necessitate both small-scale laboratory studies and pilot-scale demonstrations in carefully selected areas where the environmental consequences will be localized. Considerable effort will be required to demonstrate to a sceptical public that the practice would give rise to no adverse consequences. At the end of the day, should geological storage prove to be unsatisfactory or insecure, the ultimate choice may lie between release to the atmosphere or to the oceans, and the latter may be the lesser environmental evil. For this reason, if for no other, it is important to continue investigating marine disposal as a fall-back option. 

Strong feelings have been expressed that small-scale laboratory tests do not accurately predict results for large-scale fire tests. Likewise, some investigators feel that many descriptive terms for flammability rating, such as self-extinguishing (SE), tend to give the user an unjustified sense of security. 

New chemical glass compositions techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals... 

To study the effects of molecular diffusion and formation/destabilization of reaction fronts it is advised to rely on small flow-through chambers such as capillaries or cells of sheet-type cross-section [68]. These micro reactors simply provide the small-scale environment needed for such laboratory investigations. 

Although thermal diffusion equipment is simple in construction and operation, the thermal requirements are so high that this method of separation is useful only for laboratory investigations or for recovery of isotopes on a small scale, which is being done currently. 

Bioassays appeared to fit the bill to perform this service to monitor chemical contamination. They have been around for a while. Until relatively recently, however, they remained in the realm of the laboratory. Only over the last two decades have they found a niche in testing for toxic chemicals in water and sediment, but not yet specifically as a tool for routine water quality monitoring. As Small-scale Freshwater Toxicity Investigations, Volumes 1 and 2 amply demonstrates, the science has now come of age. Assays based on bacteria, microscopic or multi-cellular algae, protozoa, invertebrates and vertebrates (freshwater fish cell cultures) are discussed in... 

Laboratory investigation. New and potentially useful chemical changes are usually carried out first on a small scale in the laboratory. The discovery of such reactions or products may result from the desire to attain a preconceived objective, or it may be a by-product of experiments conducted for a totally different purpose. It is necessary then to determine by experiment the most favorable conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration, catalysis, etc.) for the occurrence of the reactions in question. All of this knowledge must be acquired by the chemist before one can consider seriously the problem of large-scale utilization. If the laboratory investigations indicate probability of success, there arises next the problem of adapting the process to a scale that renders economical the operation of a large chemical plant. 

One of the answers to the question Why modelling could therefore be the establishment of a set of simulation process analyses. In addition to the mathematical simulation of processes described above, we have the simulation of a physical process, which, in fact, is a small-scale experimental process investigation. In other words, to simulate a process at laboratory-scale, we use the analysis of a more affordable process which is similar to experimental investigation. 

Small-scale, automatically controlled cracking units have been developed to investigate aging characteristics of catalysts in the laboratory,... 

Any science resorts to the laboratory simulation of objects under investigation on small scale models to reduce the expenses for getting the data, to get them with regard to wider or particular conditions or regimes, to discover new governing physical laws, and examine a design solution before its practical use. 

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