Receptor microscopic analysis

Microscopic Identification Models. Many different optical and chemical properties of single aerosol particles can be measured by microscopic identification and classification in order to distinguish particles originating in one source type from those originating in another. The microscopic analysis receptor model takes the form of the chemical mass balance equations presented in Equation 1. 

Ohtani H, Pyke C, Dano K, Nagura H. Expression of urokinase receptor in various stromal-cell populations in human colon cancer Immunoelectron microscopical analysis. Int J Cancer 1995 62(6) 691-696. 

Hersch SM, Ciliax BJ, Gutekunst CA, Rees HD, Heilman CJ, Yung KKL, Bolam JP, Ince E, Yi H, Levey AI (1995) Electron microscopic analysis of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor proteins in the dorsal striatum and their synaptic relationships with motor corticostriatal afferents. J Neurosci 75 5222-5237. 

Ultrastructural studies of the D5 dopamine receptor using immunocytochemistry have revealed that this receptor subtype is highly expressed in the human cortex in pyramidal neurons and their dendrites are present within layers IV-VI (Khan et al., 2000). The D5 dopamine receptor is also localized to the striatum, substantia nigra (both pars compacta and reticulata), the superior colliculus, the thalamus and the pyramidal cells of hippocampus (Khan et al., 2000). In the striatum, electron microscopic analysis indicates that D5 dopamine receptors are present in the spines where asymmetric synapses are formed... 

An assay that produces multiple biological readouts. Most commonly used in relation to the mathematical analysis of an image acquired using an automated microscope whereby analysis algorithms quantify cellular parameters (e.g., number, motility, neurite outgrowth, size, shape) and subcellular events (e.g., receptor internalization, protein translocation, protein expression nuclei shape). 

There are two general types of aerosol source apportionment methods dispersion models and receptor models. Receptor models are divided into microscopic methods and chemical methods. Chemical mass balance, principal component factor analysis, target transformation factor analysis, etc. are all based on the same mathematical model and simply represent different approaches to solution of the fundamental receptor model equation. All require conservation of mass, as well as source composition information for qualitative analysis and a mass balance for a quantitative analysis. Each interpretive approach to the receptor model yields unique information useful in establishing the credibility of a study s final results. Source apportionment sutdies using the receptor model should include interpretation of the chemical data set by both multivariate methods. 

Recently, an automatic color video image analysis system was developed to quantify antigen expression (androgen receptor) (Kim et al.,T999a). This system provides a linear relationship between the antigen content and mean optical density of the immunoperoxidase-substrate reaction product. Titration of antibody, concentration, and reaction duration of the substrate can be optimized with this system. The imaging hardware consists of a Zeiss microscope, a three-chip charge-coupled-device camera, a camera control board, and a Pentium-based personal computer. 

Split-and-mix libraries have found numerous applications in the search for a substrate for a given receptor and vice versa. A typical affinity assay encompasses labeling of the host of interest with, e.g., a dye, a fluorophore, or radioactivity and equilibrating the labeled host with the bead-supported library of potential guests. The labeled host will be concentrated by those beads that carry molecules with affinity for the receptor. These beads are easily identified by visual inspection of the assay under a low-power microscope. Isolation and structural analysis reveals the structure of the active compound [3]. Recently, split-and-mix libraries are also successfully applied in the search for catalysts (see Chapter 5.4). 

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