Real-time ability

Hopefully, this work will encourage further research on how to capitalize state-of-the-art modeling techniques and high-frequency meteorological measurements to improve our real-time ability in response to atmospheric releases of hazardous materials from an industrial accident or terrorist act. An urgent and challenging issue that needs to be addressed is diffusion model validation. Without comprehensive validation, even a well-designed prediction system cannot be accepted for operational application. 

Real-time ability Able to accept real-time data. 

The essentially non-destmetive nature of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, combmed with the its ability to provide botli compositional and depth mfomiation, makes it an ideal analysis tool to study thm-film, solid-state reactions. In particular, the non-destmetive nature allows one to perfomi in situ RBS, thereby characterizing both the composition and thickness of fomied layers, without damaging the sample. Since only about two minutes of irradiation is needed to acquire a Rutherford backscattering spectmm, this may be done continuously to provide a real-time analysis of the reaction [6]. 

Wlieli initially adopted, TOU rates were based on projections of future costs by season, month, day, or hour. However, advances in metering and communications technology now afford utilities the ability to transmit prices to customers based on actual operating costs and to read meters in real time. This realtime TOU pricing is one of the most important aspects of many of the restructuring efforts to date. They can provide customers with direct access to the prices arising in competitive electric markets. 

With the single-channel method, data are acquired in series or one channel at a time. Normally, a series of data points are established for each machine-train and data are acquired from each point in a measurement route. While this approach is more than adequate for routine monitoring of relatively simple machines, it is based on the assumption that the machine s dynamics and the resultant vibration profile are constant throughout the entire data acquisition process. This approach hinders the ability to evaluate real-time relationships between measurement points on the machine-train and variations in process parameters such as speed, load, pressure, etc. 

While CAM-6 is somewhat limited in its ability to perform large-scale simulations of physical systems (it is a much less capable system than its follow-on, the CAM-8, for example see discussion below), its fundamental historical importance cannot be overstated. CAM-6 allowed researchers to directly experience, for the first time and in real time, the evolution of CA systems theretofore undertsood only as purely conceptual models. Margolus and Toffoli recall that when Pomeau, one of... 

GE E-seminars (http //www. ge-plastics.com/resins/designsolutiony seminar/) GE s virtual conference center offers the ability to interact with GE Plastics real-time in live on-line conferences. E-Seminar examples include Material Selection, which provides the attendee with the knowledge, skills and competencies to determine how application requirements influence the material specification process and Materials for Single-Use Microwave Food Packaging, which reviews trends in the growing Freezer-to-Microwave Food Packaging industry. 

The STEM Is Ideally suited for the characterization of these materials, because one Is normally measuring high atomic number elements In low atomic number metal oxide matrices, thus facilitating favorable contrast effects for observation of dispersed metal crystallites due to diffraction and elastic scattering of electrons as a function of Z number. The ability to observe and measure areas 2 nm In size In real time makes analysis of many metal particles relatively rapid and convenient. As with all techniques, limitations are encountered. Information such as metal surface areas, oxidation states of elements, chemical reactivity, etc., are often desired. Consequently, additional Input from other characterization techniques should be sought to complement the STEM data. 

A final, highly specialized procedure for monitoring carbon flow in plants involves the use of "CO . The use of this positron gamma-emitting isotope of C, with a half-life of 20.3 min, allowed several physiological parameters of my-corrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants of Panicum coloratum to be measured simultaneously in real time (82). However, the technical problems associated with using "COi, particularly the ability to produce i.sotopes of carbon, and with handling this short half-life are likely to limit this approach to specialised facilities. 

ICP is intolerant to the solvents commonly used in LC development. Consequently, most LC-ICP-AES systems have been employed with ion-exchange columns, as this separation process largely involves aqueous mobile phases that are amenable to the ICP-AES instrument. Use of acetonitrile or THF in the mobile phase has usually evoked a change in interface design to accommodate the different solvents. The advantages of LC-ICP-AES include multi-element detection and the ability to obtain real-time chromatograms. LC-ICP-AES... 

There are mainly three types of transducers used in immunosensors electrochemical, optical, and microgravimetric transducers. The immunosensors may operate either as direct immunosensors or as indirect ones. For direct immunosensors, the transducers directly detect the physical or chemical effects resulting from the immunocomplex formation at the interfaces, with no additional labels used. The direct immunosensors detect the analytes in real time. For indirect immunosensors, one or multiple labeled bio-reagents are commonly used during the detection processes, and the transducers should detect the signals from the labels. These indirect detections used to need several washing and separation steps and are sometimes called immunoassays. Compared with the direct immunosensors, the indirect immunosensors may have higher sensitivity and better ability to defend interference from non-specific adsorption. 

The performance of a biotreatment system ultimately depends on optimization of the activity of microbes and the ability to control the process parameters of the treatment system [157]. In this respect, the ability to monitor gene copy numbers and gene expression is highly useful for real time optimization of the efficiency of a biotreatment system. Advanced molecular techniques as well as low cost methods (e.g., antibody detection of enzymes based on color reaction strips fluorescence i.e., GFP marked organisms with UV light detection) can also be applied to monitor the microbial community structure, persistence of the added bacteria, and their interactions with indigenous populations. 

The ability of the new precursors to decompose thermally to yield singlephase CIS was investigated by powder XRD analysis and EDS on the nonvolatile solids from the TGA experiments of selected compounds. Furthermore, using TGA-evolved gas analysis (EGA), the volatile components from the degradation of the SSPs could be analyzed via real-time fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS), thus providing information for the decomposition mechanism.3 The real-time FTIR spectrum for 7 and 8 shows absorptions at approximately 3000,1460,1390,1300, and 1250 cm-1 (see Fig. 6.7). 

In general, quantitative gene expression results obtained with microarray analyses correspond well to results obtained using other methods.11 However, quantitative data from microarrays are typically less reliable for genes that are very highly or very poorly expressed.12 In addition, microarrays are much less sensitive than real time PCR and RNAse protection assays.13 However, the ability to analyze most of the mRNA spe-... 

The U-tube was developed to simplify the recovery of fluids from deep boreholes and allow flexibility for post-sampling analysis (Freifeld et al. 2005 Freifeld Trautz 2006). In particular, the ability to repeatedly collect large volume multiphase samples into high pressure cylinders facilitates both real-time field analysis as well as acquisition of sample splits for future laboratory based analysis. 

Fig. 6.13. Comparison of rates of sampling for a bioprocess (fermentation) the ability of NIR to measure in real time is compared with discrete sampling techniques.

Add to these new instruments the breakthroughs in computers (more power, speed, and the ability to go wireless) and software (e.g., chemometrics packages), and the capacity to monitor and affect bioprocesses in real time is more than possible it is almost commonplace. 

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