Real-life conditions

This oxygen sensor system has been successfully used by us with a number of different types of packaged foods and packaging processes, being continuously developed and optimized in these real-life conditions and applications. It was validated in several small laboratory scale and medium industrial scale trials19,30 with the following foods and processes ... 

There are different ways to use exposure with clients. The first method, called in vivo exposure, means that you expose the client under real-life conditions. In vivo exposure allows clients to practice for experiences they will likely face regularly in the real world under the controlled conditions of therapy. Let me present an example of how in vivo exposure would work with a client. Suppose your client has chronic pain and a history of abusing prescription pain-controlling medicines. Chronic pain in this instance represents a cue for drug use. You would most certainly want your client to learn how to confront his or her chronic pain directly without resorting to use of the pain medicines. In vivo cue exposure to pain in session would encourage the client to face his or her pain in real life without responding in the old way. 

The FCX-V2 used a Honda designed fuel cell and reformer. Downsizing the methanol reformer remained to be done and both test cars had room only for a driver and passenger. Fuel cell components took up the rear seats. The need to test fuel cell cars under real-life conditions is one reason Honda joined DaimlerChrysler in the California Fuel Cell Partnership. More recently Honda announced the first lease of its advanced... 

A psychopharmaceutical can be safe and efficacious when used m a clinical trial but what is its effectiveness when it is used in real life conditions If a... 

Only a perfectly smooth surface exhibits directed (specular) reflection, i.e., where the angle of reflectance equals the angle of incidence. This, however, is not the case under real-life conditions, where the surface micro-roughness cannot be avoided, and consequently, the UV can be slightly diffused over a finite range of reflection angles. 

When working with sensors, one of the most important issues is cross-sensitivity. Due to the sensing principle, this notably affects metal oxide gas sensors, especially in the case of measurements performed in real life conditions. To prove real life feasibility, it is necessary to keep as close as possible to the real life conditions of the application. In the present case, the real life conditions are mainly represented by the use of ambient air as a carrier gas, but also by the chosen experimental set up. 

Therefore, besides performing reference measurements in parallel to the sensor measurements, an empirical approach should also be followed the experimental set up should be operated and monitored for a long enough period to provide real life conditions. 

Field crews that normally apply pesticides were monitored during their routine working day with as little interruption as possible to their customary work procedures or habits. When human error or mechanical irregularities occurred, the study was continued, and the irregularity was incorporated into the analysis of data. In this way we could monitor exposure that would include unexpected difficulties and spontaneous or habitual human reactions under actual "real-life" conditions. 

All these tests are carried out under relatively slow conditions (50 mm/ minute) and do not represent normal service conditions. There are no standard tests to simulate these real life conditions. Equipment is available to perform these dynamic tests. 

The type of stress and environment should be selected to be a close approximation of real-life conditions. Two simultaneous environments, such as heat and moisture, may cause the adhesive to degrade much faster than when it is exposed in any single environment because one condition could accelerate the effect of the other. 

As the proficiency of the organization increases, drill scenarios can become more complex. Complicating factors approaching worst real-life conditions should be introduced periodically, including ... 

In order to answer those needs specified above, a collaborative effort (BIOSAFEPAPER) was undertaken in the fifth EU framework programme. In this project, coordinated by the University of Kuopio, Finland, nine European research institutes and 16 industrial partners aimed at establishing a test battery with relevant toxicological endpoints and allowing a decision-tree approach to ensure consumer safety. An important aspect of the undertaking was also the development of extraction procedures compatible with the tests and reflecting real-life conditions. 

Lifetime predictions of polymeric products can be performed in at least two principally different ways. The preferred method is to reveal the underlying chemical and physical changes of the material in the real-life situation. Expected lifetimes are typically 10-100 years, which imply the use of accelerated testing to reveal the kinetics of the deterioration processes. Furthermore, the kinetics has to be expressed in a convenient mathematical language of physical/chemical relevance to permit extrapolation to the real-life conditions. In some instances, even though the basic mechanisms are known, the data available are not sufficient to express the results in equations with reliably determined physical/chemical parameters. In such cases, a semi-empirical approach may be very useful. The other approach, which may be referred to as empirical, uses data obtained by accelerated testing typically at several elevated temperatures and establishes a temperatures trend of the shift factor. The extrapolation to service conditions is based on the actual parameters in the shift function (e.g. the Arrhenius equation) obtained from the accelerated test data. The validity of such extrapolation needs to be checked by independent measurements. One possible method is to test objects that have been in service for many years and to assess their remaining lifetime. 

Despite extensive development and a rigorous adherence to procedures, it is impossible to guarantee that a medicine will never fail under the harsh abuses of real-life conditions. A proper quality assurance system must include procedures for monitoring in-use performance and for responding to customer complaints. These must be meticulously followed up in great detail in order to decide whether carefully constructed and implemented schemes for product safety require modification to prevent the incident recurring. 

The problem with current laboratory methods is that they only measure formaldehyde at a single time point under equilibrium conditions. In contrast, real-life use of particleboard involves climatic shocks. This was well illustrated by a study at the center for surface technology In Haarlem (3). Figure 1 shows that changes in air humidity and temperature greatly and promptly influence formaldehyde emission. Thus, while laboratory tests allow a qualitative evaluation of the emission risk, they do not permit quantitative extrapolation to real-life conditions. 

The current methods for measuring formaldehyde emission from board are expensive, often undependable, and they do not permit a reliable quantitative extrapolation to real-life conditions at the present state of research. 

Suitable models have to be developed so as to extrapolate from the experimental results to nominal real-life conditions by calculating the age-acceleration factor that relates the lifetime under experimental stress to the in-use lifetime. As with reliability functions, various models that apply to the different age-acceleration methods are described in the literature [1, 9]... 

It is often impossible to determine the appropriate age-acceleration factor to use for quantitative extrapolation from the experimental results to real life conditions. 

A full-scale model of the air intake manifold, where the complete sensor (with signal processing ICs, housing, cable fittings, etc.) can be tested under real-life conditions, was available. However, failure rates of components in automotive applications under normal conditions are on the order of a few ppm, which corre-... 

In the experiments, membranes with covered edges showed significant increases in lifetime, to the point that sensor elements were virtually indestructible with the standard experimental conditions. If tested under real-life conditions, the sensors would still fail, but would have substantially longer lifetimes. Thus, the region of impact is an important factor determining a sensoTs resistance to particle damage. 

These test metho ds, and especially liquid medium tests, are considered as accelerated tests and do not necessarily correlate with the real exposition conditions of biodegradable plastics. Most representative tests are compost tests but they are more difficult to set up (especially when they use labeled material). It is necessary to assess the representativeness of these tests, especially liquid medium ones, in real-life conditions. 

As it was indicated above, moisture content in live trees can range from about 30% to more than 200% by weight [1], WPC materials contain much less moisture, even in very humid conditions. Here, moisture content is related to moisture absorbed from the air. Typically, moisture content in composites fluctuates seasonally, increasing in summer time and decreasing in winter. Moisture content depends on density of the composite material the lower the density, the higher the moisture content. Sometimes, in the real life conditions, moisture content is related to uncontrolled amount of water getting to the composite material, both from the air and from occasional rains. 

The simplest form of compatibility test is to immerse standard ASTM coupons in a liquid or vapor in the lab. Coupons can be installed in the field in a stream. However making a coupon assembly for installation in a pipe or a vessel may be difficult and persuading plant operators even more so. Lab testing is easy to carry out but will not replicate real life conditions such as flow, agitation, stress (compression for gaskets) and one-sided exposure. For this reason, lab dunk tests are usually done for screening reasons. Application temperature is easy to achieve by space heaters. 

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