Temperature trends

Shuman, C. A., Alley, R. B., Anandakrishnan, S. et al. (1995). Temperature and accumulation at the Greenland Summit Comparison of high-resolution isotope profiles and passive microwave brightness temperature trends. /. Geophys. Res. 100(D5), 9165-9177. 

Here we revisit two important topics in limnology just to show that climate change studies that only include data from lakes are not applicable to reservoirs. Firstly, we show that temperature trends in reservoirs and lakes cannot be interpreted in the same way. Secondly, we show that drivers of the deep-water oxygen content in reservoirs and lakes can be very different. This last analysis will be used in the following section as the starting point for a new framework for climate change impact studies in reservoirs. 

Moreno-Ostos E, Marce R, Ordonez J, Dolz J, Armengol J (2008) Hydraulic management drives heat budgets and temperature trends in a Mediterranean reservoir. Intemat Rev Hydro-biol 93 131-147... 

Manley, G., Temperature Trends in England 1698-1957, Archiv. Meteorol. Geophis. Bioklmatol, Series B.A.K., Band 9, Heft 3/4, Vienna, 1959. 

In principle two similar crucibles containing respectively a sample of the alloy under investigation and an inert reference specimen are cooled (or heated) together in a furnace. By means of conveniently inserted thermocouples it is possible to follow (1) the continuous reference temperature trend of the reference specimen, (2) the temperature trend of the specimen under examination and (3) the temperature difference (A 7 ) between the two. If, at a certain temperature, there is a change in the structure of the sample (that is, if a boundary line in the corresponding phase diagram is crossed), a variation in the slope of the temperature vs. time curve is recorded. As a consequence the A7 vs. time curve (or vs. temperature) shows a deviation from the baseline. The temperatures at which such deviations are observed are used to build the phase diagram. 

In (b) typical trends of temperature vs. time are presented T0 is the controlled furnace temperature trend, 7 R is the T trend of the inert reference specimen, Ts is the trend observed for a sample undergoing some transformation. The corresponding differential curve (AT vs. time (or vs. temperature)) is shown in (c). 

Figure 6.16. Metathesis synthesis of AIN. Temperature trends in the self-propagating reactions (Janes et al. 2003). (a) A1C13 + 0.5Ca3N2 (in an insulating ceramic cap) (b) A1C13 + 0.5Ca3N2 (in a steel vessel) (c) A1C13 + Li3N (d) 0.5A12S3 + Li3N.

Zonally averaged, 10-y temperature trend in °C/y for 1993 to 2003 caloulated using a ieast squares fit from in situ data. Source After Wiiiis, J. K., et al. (2004). Journal of Geophysioal Research 109, Cl 2036. (See companion website for coior version.)... 

Rebetez M, Reinhard M (2007) Monthly air temperature trends in Switzerland 1901-2000 and 1975-2004. Theor Appl Climatol. doi 10.1007/ss00704-007-0296-2... 

In the mesosphere, from 50 to 85 km, the temperature again falls with altitude and vertical mixing within the region occurs. This temperature trend is due to the decrease in the CL concentration with altitude. At about 85 km the temperature starts to rise again because of increased absorption of solar radiation of wavelengths < 200 nm by 02 and N2 as well as by atomic species. This region is known as the thermosphere. 

McCormack, J. P and L. L. Hood, Relationship between Ozone and Temperature Trends in the Lower Stratosphere Latitude and Seasonal Dependences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1615-1618... 

One approach to elucidating the contribution of natural variability to recent temperature trends is to examine markers for temperature over much longer time scales, prior to the industrial revolution. A major source of such data is ice cores (see also Section B.2a). These ice cores provide a record of climate and atmospheric composition for at least 110,000 years, for which there is agreement among various studies. Data are available for 250,000 years before the present (bp), but there is some uncertainty in the dating of the layers corresponding to these older ice core depths (Chappel-laz et al., 1997). 

Kumar, K. R., K. K. Kumar, and G. B. Pant, Diurnal Asymmetry of Surface Temperature Trends over India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 677-680 (1994). 

Shine, K. P., R. S. Freckleton, and P. M. de F. Forster, Comment on Climate Forcing by Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Calculated from Observed Temperature Trends, by Zhong et al. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 663-664 (1998). 

Wentz, F. J., and M. Schabel, Effects of Orbital Decay on Satellite-Derived Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Trends, Nature, 394, 661-664(1998). 

Fig. 5. Global average surface temperature trend 1850-2000. Scale on y-axis (°C) is indexed to 1970 global average surface temperature. (Adapted from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center 2000.)...

No temperature trend was noted over the range 0-65°C. As Treacy and Daniels state, ... Expressed in partial pressures, the rate constants... decreased slightly with increasing temperature, but expressed in moles per liter they were nearly the same. This means a factor of 1.8 in rate constants from the low-to-high temperatures was masked by experimental scatter—a significant fact in view of a small difference in the lines of slope 2.0 and 2.3 (Fig. 4-2). 

Big Springs is located in the scrub desert of western Texas. Cold autumn mornings are followed by warm afternoons. The local refinery s cooling-water temperature follows this ambient-temperature trend. The vacuum tower in this refinery also seems to keep track of the time of the day. 

Forster, P.M.de F. and K.P. Shine, Radiative forcing and temperature trends from stratospheric ozone changes. J. Geophys. Res.. 102,. 10,841-10,857, 1997. 

Shine, K.P., R.S. Frcckleton and P.M. de F.Forster. Comment on Climate forcing by stratospheric ozone depletion calculated from observed temperature trends , Geophys.Res.lMt., 25. 663-664.1998. 

Figure 7 shows the results of the calculations. Although temperature trends for lake water chemistry with respect to apatite have not been established yet, it appears that a similar situation may develop for apatite saturation as for the carbonates relative to PCo2 and temperature. 

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