Raw Water Characteristics

Raw water characteristics were partly supplied by the Gosford City Council and pardy analysed during the month of operation. An average composition can be summarised as follows. 

The Mooney Mooney Dam water is known to be high in manganese and iron due to low dissolved oxygen levels in the bottom water associated with thermal stratification. Since the concentration of NOM in 1996 a mechanical stirrer has been installed at the Dam to counteract this problem. 

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Hardness leakage is also dependent on the raw water characteristics. If the Na/Ca ratio and calcium hardness are very high in the raw water, leakage of the hardness ions will be higher. 

In the first part of our work, we studied the evolution of amino acids in several different plants. This work was conducted on 10 important drinking-water treatment plants in the West of France for the French Ministry of Health [7 ]. Several raw water characteristics were followed over the cause of subsequent treatment. Each plant included tlie following treatment steps ... 

On musty organic odors and tastes of natural origin, as from leaves and weeds, ozonation has not proved entirely effective, though it has definite effects. In 8 months of 1951 and 1952 raw water characteristics were very similar. With ozonation functioning in 1951 only 20% of the plant effluent samples were determined as having musty odors, while in 1952 without ozonation, in spite of other treatments used, musty odors were present in 28% of the samples. 

Typical Influent Raw Water Characteristics and Capacities of Seven Filtration Technologies for Water Treatment... 

Particle concentration and size distribution in raw water have extensive and complex effects on the performance of individual treatment units (flocculator, sedimentation tank, and filter) and on the overall performance of water treatment plants. Mathematical models of each treatment unit were developed to evaluate the effects of various raw water characteristics and design parameters on plant performance. The flocculation and sedimentation models allow wide particle size distributions to be considered. The filtration model is restricted to homogeneous suspensions but does permit evaluation of filter ripening. The flocculation model is formulated to include simultaneous flocculation by Brownian diffusion and fluid shear, and the sedimentation model is constructed to consider simultaneous contacts by Brownian diffusion and differential settling. The predictions of the model are consistent with results in water treatment practice. 

It is anticipated that under certain conditions all three processes are capable of producing a high quality drinking water. For microfiltration this requires a pretreatment step. The optimal process or process combinations may depend on the raw water characteristics and the desired product water quality. 

Thorsen T., Harz A., 0degaard H. (1997), Influence of raw water characteristics and membrane pore size on the performance of ultra-filters for NOM (humic substances) removal, IWSA World Congress,... 

Figure 3.12 depicts many treatment systems that can be developed by applying the various treatment methods that have been discussed. Many options are shown, and the most suitable can be selected on the basis of raw-water characteristics and the treated-water requirements. The diagram is by no means complete it does, however, illustrate some common treatment scenarios. 

The federal guidelines [13] for state and local pretreatment programs reported the raw wastewater characteristics (Table 1) in mg/L concentration and the flows and water quality parameters (Table 2) based on the production or 1 ton of product manufactured for the subcategories of the industry. Most soap and detergent manufacturing plants contain two or more of the subcategories shown in Table 3, and their wastewaters are a composite of these individual unit processes. 

Schwammlein and Leitzke [231] presented another example of VOC removal with AOT in plant systems. This case was a mobile Wedeco unit able to operate with 03/UV, 03/H202, or UV/H202 systems. The main characteristics of the plant were 10 m3 hr -1 (maximum) raw water flow, 70 g h-1 (maximum) ozone generation, 0.7 N m3 h-1 02/03 gas flow rate (maximum), 6.6 kW maximum electrical power for UV lamps, and 4.5-5 bar absolute... 

A 50,000 GPD slow sand filtration water treatment plant supplies a community of 500 people with drinking water from a reservoir in a protected watershed. The raw water supply has the following characteristics (a) turbidity = 5-10 NTU (b) total estimated Giardia cyst level = less than 1 per 100 mL (c) pH = 6.5-7.5 (d) temperature = 5-15°C. 

The tolerance limits (Indian Standard Institute) for industrial effluents, textile industry raw waste water characteristics are given in Table 13.8. The tolerance limits are different for different receiving bodies. Such regulations are imposed to facilitate further purification of water by sewerage authorities, which can then be discharged into river or other major water sources. Table 13.9 lists some typical... 

Legube et al. (1990) doubted that the HS obtained still showed raw water HS characteristics, since a number of chemical steps are involved in the process. Recovery of FA decreased rapidly with the increased volume treated. 

Frenkel [5] classifies raw water supplies into several types with different characteristics (Table 12.1). Other authors propose similar classifications and often add hardness to the list of characteristics. Arden and Forrest [6] take a modular proach to treatment. Silted river water, for example, considered suitable only for irrigation, is improved by sedimentation to a quality comparable to that of most other surface waters. The clarified water then becomes suitable for crude industrial applications. Coagulation and filtration then virtually eliminate suspended solids and make the water suitable for general purposes. These include plant utility use without necessarily qualifying the water for process application. Beyond this point, the intended application determines the extent of treatment required. 

Because of these characteristics electromagnetic flow meters have been widely appHed to the measurement of difficult Hquids such as raw sewage and wastewater flows, paper pulp slurries, viscous polymer solutions, mining slurries, milk, and pharmaceuticals. They ate also used in less demanding apphcations such as the measurement of large domestic water volumes. 

Operating parameters of this German plant, on the basis of one cubic meter of raw gas, iaclude 0.139 m O2, 0.9 kg briquettes, 1.15 kg steam, 1.10 kg feed water, 0.016 kWh, and 1.30 kg gas Hquor produced. Gasifier output is 1850 m /h and gas yield is 1465 m /t dry, ash-free coal. The coal briquettes have a 19% moisture content, 7.8% ash content (dry basis), and ash melting poiat of 1270°C. Thermal efficiency of the gas production process is about 60%, limited by the quaHty and ash melting characteristics of the coal. Overall efficiency from raw coal to finished products is less than 50%. 

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