Drinking water treatment plant

Huerta-Fontela M, Galceran MT, Ventura E (2008) Stimulatory drugs of abuse in surface waters and their removal in a conventional drinking water treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol 42(18) 6809-6816... 

Fig. 2.6.1. RP-LC-ESI-MS analysis of flocculation sludge from a Barcelona drinking water treatment plant. Column Cig LiChrolute 250 X 4.6 mm, 5 pm, gradient elution with ACN-water. Upper trace total ion current (TIC), lower traces extracted ion chromatograms for NPEOs, raE0 = 1-5. Inset ESI mass spectrum of NPEO oligomeric mixture.

Fig. 2.6.9. MS-MS chromatogram (MRM channel m/z 219 — 133) of raw effluent (river water) treated in a Barcelona drinking water treatment plant. Insets product ion scan of NPE2C (A) and NP (B), obtained using argon as collision gas at collision energy of...

APEOs and their acidic and neutral metabolites can be halogenated to produce chlorinated and brominated products. The formation of these compounds has been reported during the chlorination processes at drinking water treatment plants [1,35,36] and after biological waste-water treatment [37]. 

Fig. 2.6.15. Total ion LC-ESI-MS chromatogram (bottom trace) and reconstructed chromatograms of halogenated APEOs and APEOs, obtained in PI mode, found in sludge from a Barcelona drinking water treatment plant. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [1] 2001 American Chemical Society. 

Concentrations of halogenated NPEO and degradation products in pg L 1 found in the Llobregat river and the drinking water treatment plant of Barcelona, Spain (modified from Ref. [22])... 

TLC separation of the components of black dye commercial product (BDCP) was performed on silica layers. The chemical structures of the dye components are shown in Fig. 3.17. Dyes were extracted from the effluent of the dye processing plant, from the untreated river water and from the drinking water treatment plant. The organic extracts were further concentrated and purified using a copolymer of styrene divinyl benzene. The mobile phase for TLC separation consisted of toluene-ethyl acetate (8 1, v/v). The Rp values of dye components were 0.43 (C. I. Disperse Violet 93), 0.48 (C. I. Disperse Orange 37) and 0.59 (C. I. Disperse Blue 373), respectively. 

Stackelberg PE, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Henderson AK, Reissman DB (2004) Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 329 99-113... 

Heberer T, Dunnbier U, Reilich C, Stan HJ (1997) Detection of drugs and drug metabolites in ground water samples of a drinking water treatment plant. Fresenius Environ Bull 6 438-443... 

Of the four major disinfectants used today, chlorine generally produces the highest levels of THMs and HAAs. Because drinking water-treatment plants can have difficulty in meeting the regulatory limits, many plants have changed their... 

NDMA (and other nitrosamines) can dramatically increase in concentration in distribution systems (relative to finished water at the drinking water-treatment plant). For example, an initial level of 67 ng/L in drinking water-treatment plant effluent was shown to increase to 180 ng/L in the distribution system [53]. As a result, measurements taken at water-treatment plants may substantially underestimate the public s exposure to this carcinogen. 

Huerta-Fontela M, Galceran MT, Ventura F (2011) Presence and removal of illicit drugs in conventional drinking water treatment plants. In Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Fanelli R (eds) Illicit drugs in the environment occurrence, analysis, and fate using mass spectrometry. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp 205-222... 

Planas C, Palacios O, Ventura F, Rivera J, Caixach J (2008) Analysis of nitrosamines in water by automated SPE and isotope dilution GC/HRMS - Occurrence in the different steps of a drinking water treatment plant, and in chlorinated samples from a reservoir and a sewage treatment plant effluent. Talanta 76 906-913... 

The subsequent list of organic groups provides a qualitative presentation of expected degrees of removal in full-scale drinking water treatment plants (Table 3-2). 

For drinking water treatment plants a comparison of the AOPs showed that the combination ozone/hydrogen peroxide is the most efficient and inexpensive combination followed by ozone/UV radiation (Glaze et al., 1987 Prados et al., 1995). 

S. Rodriguez-Mozazm, M.J. Lopez de Alda and D. Barcelo, Fast and simultaneous monitoring of organic pollutants in a drinking water treatment plant by a multi-analyte biosensor followed by LC-MS validation, Talanta, 69 (2006) 377-384. 

Because trihalomethane compounds were identified in chlorinated water from drinking water-treatment plants [37], multiple research studies have addressed their efforts to identify the nature of dissolved natural organic matter and the action of oxidants to yield by-products, usually called disinfection by-products. As for natural organic matter (NOM), after the... 

Based on some experimental results, application of the UV/H202 system to eliminate the bromate problem appears to be worthwhile. For example, Kruithof et al. [197], while studying the optimum conditions for disinfection and pesticide removal in a drinking water treatment plant, found that in the range 0.1-2.5 kWh m-3 electric energy (with medium-pressure UV lamps) and 0-25 gm-3 H202, bromate formation was absent. The main drawback was increased assimilable organic carbon, which would necessitate the use of activated carbon filters. 

Occasionally, drinking water treatment plants will have taste and odor problems that result in a lot of complaints from their customers (after all, who wants smelly drinking water ). One compound that causes this problem is called geosmin.2 Assuming this compound has a chemical degradation rate constant of 6.6 x 10-3 s 1, at what flow rate could a treatment plant with a volume of 2500 m3 be operated if a 10-min water contact time is required to remove qeosmin ... 

Although many authors have studied the presence of amino acids in surface-waters, little information is available on their concentrations in drinking-water treatment plants. 

---