Randomized control trial

Quinn, J., Drzewiecki, A., Li, M., Stiell, I., Sutcliffe, T., Elmsiie, T. and Wood, W., A randomized, controlled trial comparing a tissue adhesive with suturing in the repair of pediatric facial lacerations. Ann. Emerg. Med., 22, 1130-1135 (1993). 

Chapman, W., Sherman, R., Boyce, S., Malawer, M., Hill, A., Buncke, G., Block, J., Fung, J., Clavien, R, Lee, K., Lebovic, G., Wren, S., Diethrich, E. and Goldstein, R., A novel collagen-based composite offers effective hemostasis for multiple surgical indications Results of a randomized controlled trial. Surgery, 129, 445-450 (2001). 

Writing Group for the Women s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women principal results from the Women s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 321-333... 

Johnson BA, Ait-DaoudN Neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism scientific basis and clinical findings. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 149 327—344, 2000 Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients a randomized controlled trial. 

Streeton C, Whelan G Naltrexone, a relapse prevention maintenance treatment of alcohol dependence a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Alcohol Alcohol 36 544-552, 2001... 

Dean AJ, Bell J, Mascord DJ, et al A randomized, controlled trial of fluoxetine in methadone maintenance patients with depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 72 ... 

Seecof R, Tennant FS Subjective perceptions to the intravenous rush of heroin and cocaine in opioid addicts. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12 79—87, 1987 Sees KL, Delucci KL, Masson C, et al Methadone maintenance vs. 180-day psycho-socially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 1303-1310, 2000 Sells SB Treatment effectiveness, in Handbook on Drug Abuse. Edited by Dupont RE, Goldstein A, O Donnell J. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979, pp 105-118... 

Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, et al Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients a randomized controlled trial. 

Fleming MF, Barry KL, Manwell LB, et al Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers a randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices. J Am Med Assoc 277 1029-1043, 1997 Goldstein MF, Deren S, Sung-Yeon K, et al Evaluation of an alternative program for MMTP drop-outs impact on treatment re-entry. Drug Alcohol Depend 66 181-187, 2002... 

Stotts AL, Schmitz JM, Rhoades HM, et al Motivational interviewing with cocaine-dependent patients a pilot study. J Consult Clin Psychol 69 858-862, 2001 Volpicelli J, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, et al Naltrexone and alcohol dependence role of subjecr compliance. Arch Gen Psychiarry 54 737—742, 1997 Wilk Al, Jensen NM, Havighurst TC Mera-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief inrervenrions in heavy alcohol drinkers.) Gen Inrern Med 12 274— 283, 1997... 

Chan HL, Leung NW, Hui AY, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, Chan FK, Hung LC, Lee YT, Tam JS, Lam CW, Sung JJ (2005b) A randomized, controlled trial of combination therapy for... 

Lampertico P, Del Ninno E, Manzin A, Donato MF, Rumi MG, Lunghi G, Morabito A, Clementi M, Colombo M (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of a 24-month course of interferon alfa 2b in patients with chronic hepatitis B who had hepatitis B virus DNA without hepatitis B e antigen in serum. Hepatology 26 1621-1625... 

Rosina E, Pintus C, Meschievitz C, Rizzedo M (1991) A randomized controlled trial of a 12-month course of recombinant human interferon-alpha in chronic delta (type D) hepatitis a multicenter Italian study. Hepatology 13 1052-1056... 

Strength of recommendation A based on a meta-analysis or at least one randomized controlled trial. Strength of recommendation B based on at least one well-designed study, including case control and comparative studies. Strength of recommendation C based on expert reports or opinion (levels of evidence and strength of recommendation. Oxford (UK) Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available at http //www.cebm.net/levels of evidence.asp (accessed December 8,2008). 

The current evidence base for the injection of epinephrine in the initial acute treatment of anaphylaxis includes clinical experience during nearly a century of use, observational studies, epidemiological studies, fatality studies, and randomized controlled trials in people at risk for anaphylaxis although not actually experiencing it at the time of the study. Moreover, the pharmacology of epinephrine has been... 

Given the unexpected occurrence of anaphylaxis, the rapidity with which symptoms evolve after exposure to the trigger, and the observation that delay in epinephrine injection is associated with fatality [15, 16], randomized controlled trials of epinephrine in anaphylaxis will not be easy to conduct however, it is time to consider the possibility of performing such trials. Future directions with regard to studies of the optimal dose and optimal route of administration of epinephrine in anaphylaxis that do not involve a placebo control will be outlined at the end of this review [17]. 

Although a 5- to 15-min interval between epinephrine injections is often recommended, this interval has not been established in randomized controlled trials, and consequently remains somewhat controversial in reality, the optimal time interval depends mainly on the clinical response to the initial epinephrine dose [1,2]. 

Elkin PL, Ruggieri AP, Brown SH, Buntrock J, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler D, Litin SC, Beinborn J, Bailey KR, Bergstrom L. A randomized controlled trial of the accuracy of clinical record retrieval using SNOMED-RT as compared with ICD9-CM. Proc AMIA Symp 2001 159-63. 

Health-care decision models and uncontrolled mirror-image studies provide little in the way of meaningful results to inform clinicians and healthcare managers. This chapter focuses instead on the results of the more robust controlled mirror-image studies and prospective randomized, controlled trials. 

Despite the uniformity of the above findings, they remain less than conclusive because of the absence of randomization and masking, which allows the possibility of selection and assessment bias. There have been only two randomized, controlled trials of clozapine. 

The second randomized, controlled trial (Rosenheck et al, 1997) was a complex study organized again by workers in Connecticut,... 

Clozapine randomized, controlled trials versus typical antipsychotic drugs. 

Only two randomized, controlled trials have been completed, and neither provides anything like compelling data (Table 2.6). Chouinard and Albright (1997) conducted a unique evaluation of a subset of patients from a previously conducted clinical trial. Subjects were categorized and profiled at baseline and end point according to clinical severity, and a group of psychiatric nurses were asked to rate various aspects of likely outcome and quality of life to each profile (mild, moderate or severe symptoms). Health state utilities were then calculated risperidone was found to provide more than double the number of quality-adjusted life years compared with haloperidol. Csernansky and Okamoto (1999) conducted a rather more conventional trial, but included no economic analyses. However, they did find that the use of risperidone substantially reduced relapse rates compared with haloperidol—an outcome likely to have a positive impact on cost-effectiveness. 

Grainger et al (1998b) Data from randomized, controlled trial of Tran et al (1997) (USA) Olanzapine and risperidone (339 in total)... 

Gregor et al (1999) Randomized, controlled trial, similar to Tran et al (1997) (Australia and New Zealand) Olanzapine (32) and risperidone (33)... 

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