Microscopy, quantitative

The principle disadvantage of ISS is that it does not directly give quantitative compositional information. Intensities can be compared with those obtained from pure element standards, but ISS would not normally be used solely as a means of determining surface compositions. In case of LEIS, quantitative analysis is of special interest because LEIS has the ultimate surface sensitivity compared to other 

One of the most complicated problems in microprobe methods of analysis is obtaining quantitative information and checking the validity of the results. Few standard reference materials for microprobe methods of analysis are available [234], 

VIEEW (Video Image Enhanced Evaluation of Weathering) is a digital macro scale image analysis system allowing objective, visual evaluations for applications such as automotive clearcoat analysis, texture analysis, delamination, chalking, and defect analysis [243]. VIEEW allows visualisation of chromatic and geometric information, optically defines surface defects, eliminates human subjectivity, and supplies reproducible quantitative data. In 

In a different application of imaging, Figge et al. [244] have used direct continuous measurements in machine and cross direction of extruded films and autoradiography and liquid scintillation methods for the study of the distribution of Relabelled additives, such as Advastab 17 MOK- C, lonox 330- RC, stearic acid [l- C] amide or n-butyl ester in rigid PVC, PS, HDPE and LDPE compositions. 

Polymer specimens are particularly difficult to analyze in the AEM. Generally, there are small amounts of heavy elements in a polymer. These low levels are difficult to detect in a material that changes readily in the electron beam. These difficulties preclude routine quantitative analysis of polymers in either the SEM or AEM although microanalysis techniques can be applied. The major consideration for the polymer microscopist is that changes occur in the polymer during study. 

Systems now available allow simultaneous acquisition of maps for several different elements. Digital maps with colors assigned for each element permit a more rapid and detailed analysis. Superposition of the color maps is useful in determining associations between elements. This technique is more than simple elemental mapping and approaches more definitive compositional studies. It is important for beam sensitive specimens because of its speed. Multiple maps may be obtained in the time previously used for mapping a single element. 

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DeHofI, R.T. and Rhines, F.N. (eds.) (1968) Quantitative Microscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York). 

The onset of high electrical conductivity with increasing volume fraction of metallic particles has also been of interest in relation to theoretical treatments which consider the factors which control formation of a continuous disperse phase of randomly distributed particles. In pursuance of such work, the distribution of metallic particles was studied experimentally by quantitative microscopy of polished plane sections. A marked increase in conductivity was observed when the fractional volume loading of silver particles in Bakelite reached 0.36-0.38 ( 3). 

Approximate quantitative microscopy of pulverized ores. U. S. Bur. Mines Tech. Paper 211. 

Huang, K. and Murphy, R.F. (2004b) From quantitative microscopy to automated image understanding. J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 893-912. 

Volkmer A, Subramaniam V, Birch DJS, Jovin TM. One- and two-photon excited fluorescence lifetimes and anisotropy decays of green fluorescent proteins. Biophys. J. 2000 78 1589-1598. Subramaniam V, Hanley QS, Clayton AHA, Jovin TM. Photophysics of green and red fluorescent proteins implications for quantitative microscopy. Methods Enzymol. 2003 360 178-201. Rizzo MA, Springer GH, Granada B, Fdston DW. An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET. Nature Biotechnol. 2004 22 445-449. 

Subramaniam V, Hanley QS, Qayton AHA, Jovin TM. Photophysics of green and red fluorescent proteins Implications for quantitative microscopy. Methods Enzymol. 2003 360 178—201. 

The most severe problem in compaction is that the applied pressure is not transmitted uniformly to the powder because of friction between the powder and the die wall. To characterize the problem, the distribution in density in a powder compact has been measured by several methods, including microhardness. X-ray radiography, and quantitative microscopy. Another approach has been to use finite element and other techniques in calculating the stress distribution, hence the density distribution, in a powder... 

B. McEnaney and T.J. Mays, Characterization of macropores using quantitative microscopy, in J. Rouquerol, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, K.S.W. Sing and K.K. Unger (Eds.), Characterization of Porous Solids III, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis Vol. 87, Proc. of the lUPAC Symposium (COPS III), Marseille, France, May 1993, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994. pp. 327-338. 

P.W. Payne, T.J. Sebo, A. Doudkine, et al. (1997). Sputum screening by quantitative microscopy A re-examination of a portion of the National Cancer Institute Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Study. Mayo Clin. Proc., 72, 697-704. 

Unfortunately, some interpretations stated by different authors in the table are contradictory and the reader is left to his or her experience to determine the correct statement. Additionally, some observations may have more than one correct interpretation, that is, multiple causes. Some of the stated correlations may not be cause and effect relationships. Furthermore, some of the referenced work appears less than systematic. Such problems point out the need for research, and, indeed, it is hoped that the contents of this publication serve to stimulate scientific cement research, particularly quantitative microscopy with a statistical approach, using techniques that group and characterize the sets of observations and genetic conditions. 

Semiautomatic tallying devices (multiple channel counters) and automatic mechanical microscope stages are available to streamline the counting and make it less time-consuming. Voice-activated data recorders with simple statistical calculations should, theoretically, make quantitative microscopy much easier by... 

The beads were crushed in order to increase their specific surface and the final particle average size, determined by quantitative microscopy was 25ym. 

The evolution of the pore network is difficult to analyze quantitatively. Experimentally, very few attempts have been made to produce a detailed stereo-logical characterization of the evolution of the network. Such charactaization is very time-consuming, requiring detailed quantitative microscopy of a series of... 

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