Physical sensing

It has been used to establish the basicity scale of nuclei by means of the deviations calculated from This basicity has in fact a concrete physical sense, corresponding to the pK. of the heterocycloammonium (25. 55) regarding Mills views about the role of an active allenic intermediate (56). such compound could never be isolated or even identified (49). 

Flavor has been defined as a memory and an experience (1). These definitions have always included as part of the explanation at least two phenomena, ie, taste and smell (2). It is suggested that in defining flavor too much emphasis is put on the olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) aspects (3), and that vision, hearing, and tactile senses also contribute to the total flavor impression. Flavor is viewed as a division between physical sense, eg, appearance, texture, and consistency, and chemical sense, ie, smell, taste, and feeling (4). The Society of Flavor Chemists, Inc, defines flavor as "the sum total of those characteristics of any material taken in the mouth, perceived principally by the senses of taste and smell and also the general senses of pain and tactile receptors in the mouth, as perceived by the brain" (5). 

Moreover, in this linear-response (weak-coupling) limit any reservoir may be thought of as an infinite number of oscillators qj with an appropriately chosen spectral density, each coupled linearly in qj to the particle coordinates. The coordinates qj may not have a direct physical sense they may be just unobservable variables whose role is to provide the correct response properties of the reservoir. In a chemical reaction the role of a particle is played by the reaction complex, which itself includes many degrees of freedom. Therefore the separation of reservoir and particle does not suffice to make the problem manageable, and a subsequent reduction of the internal degrees of freedom in the reaction complex is required. The possible ways to arrive at such a reduction are summarized in table 1. 

Note that only Er, which is actually the sum of the reorganization energies for all degrees of freedom, enters into the high-temperature rate constant formula (2.62). At low temperature, however, in order to preserve E, one has to fit an additional parameter co, which has no direct physical sense for a real multiphonon problem. 

Note that if sticking is controled by site-exclusion only, i.e., if S 6,T) = 5 o(P)(l — 0), this rate is that of a first-order reaction at low coverage. This simple picture breaks down when either the sticking coefficient depends dilferently on the coverage, as it does for instance for precursor-mediated adsorption, or when lateral interactions become important. It then does not make much physical sense to talk about the order of the desorption process. 

Here A Gx is the free energy of chain break and formation of new bonds Gm is the free energy of chain surface bond formation Gs is the free energy of the surface formation Gex.s is the excessive combinatorial free energy stipulated by different disposition of chain molecules on the surface ziGcom.s is the combinatorial free energy stipulated by different disposition of intermolecular chain surface bonds on chain molecule. The rest of the G terms possess the abovementioned physical sense. Index ( ) relates to the end state of the system. 

In this model the gas particles are assumed to show no interactions between each other. This model can be realized or at least approached closely in a physical sense, since under conditions of low pressure and high temperatures interaction between particles becomes progressively weaker. Another example consists in the relationship between relativistic and classifical mechanics. The relativistic expression for momentum. 

The problem of orientational crystallization cannot yet be considered to be completely solved both in the technological and physical sense. Its further development and an improvement of the mechanical properties will require a considerable effort and a more profound investigation of the mechanism of this process. 

From these kinds of considerations, it is easy to see why a one component system can have no more than three phases in equilibrium. Any number of phases greater than three would yield a negative number of degrees of freedom, a situation that makes no physical sense. 

Being applied for the relaxation of populations (k = 0), this equality expresses the demands of the detailed balance principle. This is simply a generalization of Eq. (4.25), which establishes the well-known relation between rates of excitation and deactivation for the rotational spectrum. It is much more important that equality (5.21) holds not only for k = 0 but also for k = 1 when it deals with relaxation of angular momentum J and the elements should not be attributed any obvious physical sense. The non-triviality of this generalization is emphasized by the fact that it is impossible to extend it to the elements of the four-index... 

Here U is the orientation of vector u before the collision. This only has physical sense for angle S = arccos ( ), which is an even argument of the function ip. This means that, as a result the collision vector u may be oriented inside a cone, whose axis coincides with the position of A characteristic value of conical angle S depends on the width of function ip. 

It should be noted here that the units of the F-nmr shifts compared to the log (kiko) values are such that sets 15, 16 and 17 are very highly weighted in the determination of the Or scale. In the statistical sense, this weighting is justified by the relatively high precision of the F-nmr shifts. In the physical sense, however, it is not clear that the high weighting is justified. Although F is the weakest pi electron donor of the united-atom-like first-row pair donor... 

Before stating the main results, it will be sensible to clarify a physical sense of the function u(x), which solves problem (1) subject to the conditions [u] = 0 and [kii ] = — Qq (/ — x) kg = g at the point x =. Here q stands for the capacity of a point heat source (sink) at the point X =. Being dependent on x, the quantity q varies very widely. Specifically, q —+ 00 as X — 5 0. Thus, the physical reason for the convergence of scheme (2) is that the heat balance (the conservation law of heat) is... 

The expression in brackets is a more usable dependency [Eq. (30)] and describes the physical sense of the apparent dipole moment p. The model up to now has been used only for adsorption from solution. 

The interactions to which the measuring samples are exposed can be of elastic or inelastic type (in the physical sense). Figure 2.11 shows schematically the difference between elastic and inelastic interactions. 

The main equation, which allows understanding the physical sense of 0-0 frequency shifts in the spectra after inserting a molecule from gas phase into the solvent, is ... 

The stacking model (Fig. 8.42c) does not carry this inconsistency [128,229], It cannot be discriminated from the lattice models if the polydispersity is strong. For small polydispersity even the lattice models make physical sense, because then the mutual penetration is negligible. Computation and fitting of stacking and lattice models are described in Sects. 8.7.3.4 and 8.133. 

Essentially, expressions (Eq. 34) have a physical sense only for values of quantities ev which are appreciably less than unity when the eigenvalues of operators Qdiff and Q coincide. The number of such values of sv will be the larger, the longer is the macromolecule. Hence, in the asymptotic limit l oo, expression (Eq. 38) for the two-point chemical correlator is reduced to the following form... 

An equation of the type (16) makes most physical sense when there exists a large capture radius Rc however, it can be applied to any diatomic capture case if regarded simply as a definition of Rc. Its utility is twofold. For one thing, physical common sense can sometimes give a value, or a bound, for Rc. When there is a Coulomb attraction between the reacting species, as for our case of H+ and A-, Rc can be plausibly estimated from... 

As the new atomic science, through ever more sophisticated detectors, opened a realm that could not be directly perceived by the physical senses, occult chemistry offered an alternative, a mode of scientific experimentation that could attempt to claim legitimacy through its scientific writing, charts, and visual illustrations of data while it also connected the human psyche to the subatomic world through a direct form of perception—that is, clairvoyance. (Theosophists argued that clairvoyance was indeed a sense faculty.) The conception of alchemy that supported such a vision was the spiritual alchemy we... 

However, if one studies the velocity distribution / (Pi.. . p v, t) one can introduce the following operators whose physical sense will become clear in the following (see refs. 14 and 24) ... 

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