Semi-qualitatively

The kinds of problems that people could tackle successfully in the early days were very simple and semi-qualitative. For example ... 

Then appeared the time of computers. Quantum chemists developed semi-empirical codes that rapidly evolved into ab-initio complex systems of programs. According to their optimistic or pessimistic views, colleagues have seen this period either as that of semi -quantitative or of semi-qualitative theoretical chemistry. Very recently came the age of super computers, and a generation of quantum chemists have seen their dream come true at last, the quality of the calculation is in harmony with the quality of the concepts. 

As to risk significance, the degree of alteration in the current environment should be amended with qualitative and semi-qualitative criteria. Ecological impact significance should be considered in terms of ... 

Unlike the case of the neutral reactants, where analytical solution reveals the auto-model behaviour in coordinated r/ , in our case of charged particles the singular solutions arise on the spatial scale of the order of the recombination radius ro thus preventing us from such a simplified analytical analysis. Therefore, we will compare semi-qualitative arguments for the new law, n(t) oc r5/4, with numerical calculations of our kinetic equations. 

Conclusions cited thus far concerning the thermal stability of supported metals were based on constant-time, variable-temperature data collected at relatively short sintering times. It is difficult to assess how well this semi-qualitative information applies to long sintering times. Quantitative comparisons of metal stability can be made in a few cases for which kinetic data are available for different metals on the same support at similar loadings and at the same conditions. 

Where applicable, the results of qualitative and semi-qualitative tests carried out in the determination of degradation products. 

Continuous, or very frequent, automated measurement of individual or groups of toxic compounds or general physico chemical properties, can provide a rapid warning of changed environmental conditions. A few chemical methods (such as the LC SAMOS for polar compounds (Slobodnik et al., 1992)) may even detect the occurrence of high concentrations of specific contaminants of concern at the test site. In situ, online and on-site approaches are described in other chapters of this volume, but as yet, application is restricted by the limited availability of suitable, sufficiently sensitive and selective (bio)sensors and monitors for the analysis of (priority) pollutants that need to be monitored. Once available, they may provide (semi)-qualitative and quantitative information on the occurrence of compounds in the waters. 

Different groups of techniques are given, ranging from well defined, fully validated chemical methods that both qualify and quantify the compound of interest, via screening methods that offer only semi-quantitative and semi-qualitative results, to BEWS, where there is no identification of the compound and the signal is only semi-quantitative. Each level requires a different approach for validation. A validation should be carried out under controlled conditions as well as in the monitoring practice in the field. Only too often, monitoring equipment, not only BEWS, works well in the laboratory, but fails in routine application in the environment. 

Cheung and Stephanopoulos [34] were able to reduce the time series into a semi-qualitative form using seven primitive shapes that consist of four triangles and three straight lines (Figure 6.18). 

Analyte or non-analyte specific (Can be chemical class specific) Non-qualitative to semi-qualitative, non-definitive (unconfirmed) identification. Non-definitive quantitation no confidence limits. 

For a particulate application involving SLS, how to choose the best equipment, to use batch or continuous operation, which filter medium to select, and what is the optimum operating conditions are concerns of engineers. Although theories are available for some SLS operations, solutions for equipment selection, process design, and optimization are still very much dependent on test and experience, and are frequently qualitative or semi-qualitative. In this section, strategy and decision networks for selection of SLS equipment, introduction of filter media, centrifugal pumps for filtration operation, and selection of filter aids by cycle analysis will be discussed. 

Due to the widespread use of solvents in the environment, an initial screening of samples for VOCs, either qualitatively or semi-qualitatively using mass spectrometric detection, has become a frequently used approach for identifying the type and extent of any pollution. For qualitative screening of samples the reconstructed total ion chromatogram (TIC) is generated and the peaks of interest selected. A check should be made that the peaks selected are not present in the blank at similar intensity. 

While 3-D pharmacophore/agrophore searches indicate best matches of relevant key functions, i.e., (semi)qualitative result, a linear regression derived from a statistical analysis of spatial features and measured activities yields quantitative structure-activity relationships (3-D QSAR). This may be extremely helpful for a detailed interpretation of existing results and the activity prediction of new or hypothetical compounds (Figure 3). 

A number of publications are available that describe the theoretical aspects of LIED [51,89], which will provide the reader with a more detailed coverage of this topic. A number of reviews have also been published which cover the use of CE-LIF detection for the analysis of a range of compounds including pharmaceuticals [90-94]. Zhang et al. [94] also show the use of wavelength-resolved LIED for quantitative and semi-qualitative analysis of target solutes. 

Coverages as low as 10 mol cm can be detected by cyclic voltammetry, making it a very sensitive method for surface-confined species. The technique is semi-qualitative in that redox potentials may be used to verify the presence of a particular species. 

Safety layer matrix method, described as a semi-qualitative method. 

Cahbrated risk graph, described in the standard as a semi-qualitative method, but by some practitioners as a semi-quantitative method. 

The first definition begs the question What does several mean In practice it is likely to be very difficult to assess SIL requirements unless there is a set of agreed definitions of the parameter values, almost inevitably in terms of quantitative ranges. These may or may not have been calibrated against the assessing organisation s risk criteria, but the method then becomes semi-quantitative (or is it semi-qualitative It is certainly somewhere between the extremities of the qualitative / quantitative scale.)... 

The paper includes four sections. The first one - an introduction - describes areas where nuclear energy systems with SMRs could be applied. This description is provided on a semi-qualitative level and targets a definition of the image of possible future customers of such... 

Semi-qualitative method for ship collision risk assessment... 

Semi-qualitative method for ship collision risk assessment W. Zhang, J. Montewka F. Goerlandt... 

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