Purpose of Safety

Eor the purposes of safety distanees in eonneetion with the issue of lieenees for faetories and magazines, explosives have been eategorized as X - fire or slight explosion risks or both, with only loeal effeet Y - mass fire risks or moderate explosion risk, but not mass explosion risk Z - mass explosion risk with serious missile effeet ZZ - mass explosion risk with minor missile effeet. 

Measurements of oxygen potentials and vapor pressure of plutonium-bearing species above a wide range of Pu-0 compositions, including the difficult region close to stoichiometric plutonia, should be made at high temperatures, particularly above 3000°C, for purpose of safety analysis. 

The 1981 Council Decision (OECD 1981) sets the policy context agreed by aU OECD Member countries which estabhshed that safety data developed in one Member country will be accepted for use by the relevant registration authorities in assessing the chemical or product in another OECD country, i.e., the data do not have to be generated a second time for the purposes of safety assessment. 

If a sponsor has conducted phase 1 trials outside of the United States and believes that there are adequate human safety studies already available, it may not be necessary to conduct any phase 1 trials in the United States. In such a case, the sponsor would prepare an IND and include in the initial IND submission a clinical protocol for phase 2 or 3. This IND, because it will involve exposure of more patients to the drug for the purposes of safety testing as well as efficacy evaluations, will require a greater level and depth of manufacturing and nonclinical data. The next section will describe the requirements for such an advanced-stage IND. 

The purpose of safety guidelines is to provide for the safety of persons at a workplace or in the course of their employment or in connection with the use of machinery. 

Population data are site specific and will be presented at the time of application for a specific site. However, for purposes of estimating population doses, a population density is assumed to average 500 persons per square mile over a radial distance out to 30 miles. A bounding low population zone of 425 meters (i.e. coincident with the exclusion area boundary) has been selected for purposes of safety analyses. 

The purpose of Safety Data Sheets is to provide the user with information about the hazards of a substance and the precautions necessary to avoid risks to health. There is a legal requirement in many countries for such data sheets to be supplied with the product and the onus for such provision is on the supplier. 

Safely barriers are defined as physical and/or nonphysical means planned to prevent, control, or mitigate imdesired events or accidents. The means may range from a single technical unit or human actions, to a complex socio-technical system. It is useful to distinguish between barrier functions and barrier systems. Barrier functions describe the purpose of safety barriers or what the safety barriers shall do in order to prevent, control, or mitigate undesired events or accidents. Barrier systems describe how a barrier function is reahzed or executed. If the barrier system is functioning, the barrier function is performed. If a barrier function is performed successfiiUy, it should have a direct and significant effect on the occurrence and/or consequences of an undesired event or accident (Sklet 2005). 

Bonding is the linking together of the exposed or extraneous metal parts of an electrical installation for the purpose of safety. 

Protection from electric shock is provided by basic protection and fault protection. Protective bonding is bonding for the purpose of safety. 

Protective equipotential bonding is equipotential bonding for the purpose of safety. 

Protective equipotentlal bonding - this is equipotentlal bonding for the purpose of safety as shown in Fig. 6.7 of this book. 

From an academic viewpoint, culture is a value-free concept (a nominal variable) whereas safety is not. The required purpose of safety culture assessments is not descriptions but evaluations, preferably with recoimnendations on how the underlying culture can be improved to support safety (more). 

Of conrse, this approach is based on the assumption that safety culture correlates with safety outcomes. Therefore, it is of critical importance to confirm the cnltnre-ontcome link, which is one of the requirements for a safety culture scale, understood as criterion validity - a more comprehensive summary of the required properties can be found in other literature (e.g. Itoh et al. 2012). For this applied purpose of safety culture, this chapter specifically looks at dimensions of safety culture, how to measure safety outcomes, and the safety culture-outcome link through an examination of case studies, primarily drawn from Japanese hospitals. Before stating these issues in detail, we will, in the rest of this section, briefly argue notions of safety culture (and safety climate). 

Assessments are commonly conducted prior to the implementation of behavioral safety processes. Assessments may be conducted internally, or one of numerous safety consultants who perform safety assessments may be hired for this purpose. The purpose of safety assessments is to determine an organization s current level of safety performance and provide recommendations for improvement. 

The basic purposes of safety analysis are to assist in the design of safety-related systems, and then to confirm that the radiation dose limits are met. As such, safety analysis requires predictions of the consequences of hypothetical accidents. 

Education of employees is just as important as training. The purpose of safety education is to create a positive safety attitude and change behavior. Effective training makes sure the employees understand why the safety rule, procedure, or requirement is important. Safety training is concerned with helping the employee develop the needed abilities, knowledge, and skills to use safety equipment or perform procedures safely. 

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