Purchasing commonality

These materials are normally microalloyed with Cb, V, and/or Ti. Supplemental specifications agreed to by manufacturer and purchaser commonly establish chemistry more restrictive than the base specification, as well as plate rolling specifications and requirements for weldability (i.e., C-equivalent) and toughness. 

Resin type Chemical constitution Usual form as purchased Common trade names Rohm Dow Haas Chemical Selectivity Thermal stability... 

Researchers in academia often cannot afford purchasing common food ingredients such as wheat flour and corn meal on the scale required for experimentation. However, food processing by-products such as potato peels, soybean hulls, and cattle lungs are usually available in ample supply at little or no cost to researchers. These materials contain components found in normal foods, although some interpretation of results may be needed before they could be applied to common food items. 

Base Size. Compactor specifications are summarized as a single parameter, the base size. This is defined as the volume of waste theoretically moved through the compactor in a single stroke. Purchasers commonly use the base size as the primary specification, adding the parameters listed earlier as necessary. Table 4.34 gives typical uses of compactors of various base sizes. 

Gaussian is designed to execute as a batch job. It can readily be used with common batch-queueing systems. The program may be purchased as source code or executables and comes with hundreds of sample input and output files. These may be employed as examples of how to construct inputs. They may also be employed to verify that a compilation from source code was successful. In our experience, such verification is essential. 

You have just purchased or stolen the most comprehensive and detailed book on the underground production of ecstasy, metham-phetamine and psychedelic amphetamines ever published. Strike (your host) is an ecstasy and amphetamine chemist from Texas who used to be very frustrated with the lack of common-sense information about the production of amphetamines. Strike remedied this for Strike and now Strike is gonna remedy it for you, too. This book is packed with the latest street methods for making amphetamines - written in plain English with the detail that no other book can offer. 

This method is merely an application of the Grignard reaction but is a lot less troublesome because it uses really common chemicals. This method can be done as it was done in the reference where a phenylbutene was made using a bromopropane ( bromo-propane and bromoethane are cheap to purchase or can be made... 

The advent of a large international trade in methanol as a chemical feedstock has prompted additional purchase specifications, depending on the end user. Chlorides, which would be potential contaminants from seawater during ocean transport, are common downstream catalyst poisons likely to be excluded. Limitations on iron and sulfur can similarly be expected. Some users are sensitive to specific by-products for a variety of reasons. Eor example, alkaline compounds neutralize MTBE catalysts, and ethanol causes objectionable propionic acid formation in the carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid. Very high purity methanol is available from reagent vendors for small-scale electronic and pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Manufacture. Historically, ammonium nitrate was manufactured by a double decomposition method using sodium nitrate and either ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride. Modem commercial processes, however, rely almost exclusively on the neutralization of nitric acid (qv), produced from ammonia through catalyzed oxidation, with ammonia. Manufacturers commonly use onsite ammonia although some ammonium nitrate is made from purchased ammonia. SoHd product used as fertilizer has been the predominant form produced. However, sale of ammonium nitrate as a component in urea—ammonium nitrate Hquid fertilizer has grown to where about half the ammonium nitrate produced is actually marketed as a solution. 

Color Mixing. The various types of dye powders used to make dye stains are blended to achieve the desired color. Most finishers purchase wood stains premixed to specified colors. In the wood-finishing industry, various shades of brown are the most common. These colors are usually blended from primary colors. Color-matching skills can be acquired only by practice, but the basic theory of color matching is relatively simple and easily understood. The basic theory of color matching can be demonstrated by using the color circle shown in Figure 1 (see Color). 

Shipment and Storage. Liquid sulfur dioxide is commonly shipped in North America using 55- and 90-t tank cars, 20-ton tank tmcks, 1-ton cylinders, and 150-lb cylinders. Cylinders made of specified steel are affixed with the green label for nonflammable gases. The DOT classification is Poison Gas, Inhalation Ha2ard. Purchasers of tank-car quantities are required to have adequate storage faciUties for prompt transfer. 

Caleadered PVC has approximately 55% of the PVC/PVC alloy segmeat, PVC dispersioa coatiags usiag a reinforcement are 40%, and PVC extmsion with width limitations is about 5%. Almost all PVC membranes are reiaforced or supported with thicknesses from 1.2—2.4 mm (47—96) mils. Converters typically purchase roUstock ia 5—6 ft widths (1.5—1.8 m). Colors and designs are not common most manufacturers offer a soHd white, gray, or tan sheet. 

Ex situ or off-site, regeneration of noble metal catalysts is not commonly practiced by commercial petroleum refiners because it requires either an extended period with the process shut down or requires that a spare load of cosdy catalyst, which would only be used for a fraction of the time, be purchased and kept available. 

The nature of the goods for which the mark is used or intended to be used is an essential element in determining the likelihood of confusion between otherwise similar marks. If goods bearing similar marks are of such a nature that a purchaser or prospective customer would be likely to assume that the goods have a common source of origin, then a basis for confusion exists. 

Published Cost Correla.tions. Purchased cost of an equipment item, ie, fob at seller s site or other base point, is correlated as a function of one or more equipment—size parameters. A size parameter is some elementary measure of the size or capacity, such as the heat-transfer area for a heat exchanger (see HeaT-EXCHANGETECHNOLOGy). Historically the cost—size correlations were graphical log—log plots, but the use of arbitrary equation forms for correlation has become quite common. If cost—size equations are used in computer databases, some limit logic must be included so that the equation is not used outside of the appHcable size range. 

The Marshall and Swift (M S) Equipment Cost Index (6), formerly Marshall and Stevens, for installed equipment costs is pubHshed monthly in the ChemicalPngineering]om n. A. The indexes reported are the all-industries, process industries, and several specific industry indexes. The yearly all-industries index, given in Table 1, is based on 47 industrial categories. This is commonly used for the translation of purchased process equipment costs, even though... 

The advantage of using common stock to finance assets is that it does not incur nxed interest charges. Furthermore, there is no maturity date, as there is with all loans and most preference issues. Common stock can often be issued more easily than debt can be financed. However, the flotation costs of common stock can be quite high, especially when stock values are depressed, so that large discounts for the stock are needed to induce purchase. 

In the United States, it is customaiy to design aud purchase a mixer from a mixing vendor and purchase the vessel from another suppher. In many other countries, it is more common to purchase the vessel aud mixer as a package from one supplier. 

Moisture content is another common and controllable flow factor. Most materials can safely absorb moisture up to a certain point further addition of moisture can cause significant flow problems. Specifications can control the amount of moisture content present in purchased raw materials. Moisture content can be lowered in the plant by including a drying operation in the process line. The costs incurred in drying may be offset by more efficient flow, lower shipping cost, and control of deterioration losses. 

Chemical MF is used in several apphcations to recover caustic values from cleaning or processing streams. An example is the caustic solution used to clean dairy evaporators, which may be cleaned for reuse by passing it through a microfilter. Significant savings in caustic purchase and disposal costs provide the incentive. Acids are also recovered and reused. Ceramic microfilters are most commonly used in these apphcations. 

As a set of minimum standards, ISO 9000 addresses the business community. It was intended for purchasers as a means for them to obtain products and services of consistent quality from their suppliers. In place of purchaser-specified general quality management requirements, ISO 9000 became the common requirement and hence eliminated the need for such requirements. As a consequence, it provides suppliers that meet its requirements with a demonstrable capability that others may not possess and hence such capability becomes a persuasive marketing tool that will increase market share. ISO 9000 was also intended for application to all types of industry and therefore did not contain requirements for any specific industry sector or type of products or services. Partially due to the scope of misinterpretation and the degree to which particular industries have common supplier requirements, certain industry sectors perceived the need for harmonizing such requirements in a form that added to those requirements in ISO 9000. 

The drive for these additional requirements has come not from the suppliers but from users, such as the automotive, utilities, telecommunications, software, and aerospace industries which purchase millions of products and services used to produce the goods and services they provide to the consumer. Rather than invoke customer-specific conditions in each contract, the larger purchasers perceive real benefits from agreeing common quality system requirements for their industry sector. Quite often a supplier will be supplying more than one customer in a particular sector and hence costs increase for both the supplier and the customer if the supplier has to meet different requirements that serve the same objective. All customers desire products and services that consistently/ meet their requirements. While the physical and functional requirements for the product or service will differ, the requirements governing the manner in which their quality is to be achieved, controlled, and assured need not differ. Differences in quality system requirements may arise between industry sectors where the technology, complexity, and risks are different. 

---