Psyllium reducing

Luccia, B. H. D., and Kunkel, M. E. (2002b). Psyllium reduces relative calcium bioavailability and induces negative changes in bone composition in weanling Wistar rats. Nutr. Res. 22, 1027-1040. 

Attapulgite adsorbs excess fluid in the stool with few adverse effects. Calcium polycarbophil is a hydrophilic polyacrylic resin that also works as an adsorbent, binding about 60 times its weight in water and leading to the formation of a gel that enhances stool formation. Neither attapulgite nor polycarbophil is systemically absorbed. Both products are effective in reducing fluid in the stool but can also adsorb nutrients and other medications. Their administration should be separated from other oral medications by 2 to 3 hours. Psyllium and methylcellulose products may also be used to reduce fluid in the stool and relieve chronic diarrhea. 

A physical approach was also applied to reduce the allergenicity of psyllium and psyllium-containing food products (Wullschleger, 1993). Psyllium was subjected to a thermal treatment imder certain pressure and moisture content for a predetermined time period to destroy the allergenic proteins. The preferred treatment conditions included a temperature of 245-265 °F, pressure range of 14—20 psi, and a time period between 55 and 75 min. This procedure may eliminate up to 100% of the allergenicity of psyllium. 

Kang, D. H., Jung, E. Y., Chang, U. J., Bae, S. H., and Suh, H. J. (2007). Psyllium husk combined with hydroxycitrate reduces body weight gain and body fat in diet-induced obese rats. Nutr. Res. 27, 349-355. 

Pastors, J. G., Blaisdell, P. W., Balm, T. K., Asplin, C. M., and Pohl, S. L. (1991). Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53,1431-1435. 

On the other hand, some food companies have chosen to pursue the steps necessary to obtain FDA approval for certain specific health claims for their natural food products. For example, the Kellogg company received approval in 1998 to say that the soluble fiber obtained from psyllium seed husks can help reduce coronary heart disease. General Mills received FDA permission a year later... 

Antigalactogogue effect. Dried kernel, administered to cows at a concentration of 50% of diet, was inactive . Antihypercholesterolemic activity. Seeds, administered orally to 20 adults with mild hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 5.1 g/day for 40 days, reduced LDL cholesterol by 8% and total cholesterol by 6% . Dried seed fiber, in the ration of Syrian hamster at a dose of 7.5% of diet, was active . Dried seed fiber, administered orally to adults at a dose of 10.2 g/day, was active . Dried seed fiber, administered orally to 50 healthy children 2 to 11 years of age at a dose of 6.4 g/ day for 12 weeks, was active The hydro-phobic colloid of the dried seed, administered in the ration of sea quails at a dose of 10% of diet, was active vs diet-inducing hypercholesterolemia . The seed hull, administered in the ration of genetically diabetic mice at a dose of 2.5% of diet for 18 weeks, was active. Total cholesterol was lower, and HDL-cholesterol higher in psyllium-fed than in placebo-fed animals . The seed hull, administered orally to 286... 

Cholesterol level decrease. The husks and seeds were administered orally to six normal adult males and five adult males with ileostomy and six normal adult males and four adult males with ileostomy, respectively, at a dose of 10 g/day for 3 weeks. The husk had no effect on cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations in either normal or ileostomy subjects. Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced on average by 6.4 and 9.3%, respectively, in normal group after seed supplementation. No effect on fecal bile acid excretion in the normal subjects was found after both regimens. Ileostomy bile acids were increased (on average 25%) after seed supplementation, whereas no effect on cholesterol concentrations was found. These results suggest that psyllium seed may be more effective than the husk in... 

Gallbladder effect. Seeds, administered orally to 20 adult males with mild hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 5.1 g/day for 40 days, reduced postprandial residual volume and increased volume of bile emptied b Gallstone prevention. Psyllium was investigated in a double-blind clinical trial to compare the effect of rational diet plus ursodeoxycholic acid vs a rational diet... 

POOH Anderson]. W., S. Riddell-Mason, N. J. Gustafson, S. F. Smith, and M. Mackey. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium-enriched cereal as an adjunct to a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Amer J Clin Nutr 1992 56(1) 93-98. Day, C. E. Activity of psyllium hydrophilic colloid for reducing serum cholesterol in sea quail fed diet supplemented with cholesterol. Artery 1991 18(3) 163-167. 

Patients taking colestyramine often have constipation, abdominal discomfort, and heartburn, but dietary fiber, such as psyllium, can reduce the symptoms (5,6). Other effects are flatulence, nausea, and fecal impaction a mild laxative may be needed, particularly in the elderly. Many other patients complain of anorexia and occasionally there is diarrhea. Doses of colestyramine higher than the 10-16 g normally used can cause steatorrhea (7). 

Keep in mind the FDA-approved health claim allowed for prebi-otic fiber in products containing whole oats, barley, psyllium, or wheat. When used regularly over weeks, getting just 0.75 gram (750 milligrams) per serving of prebiotic fiber can reduce blood cholesterol levels and yield numerous potential benefits against cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer. 

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