Bone composition

Recognition among bone-chemistry researchers that strontium enters bone in proportion to dietary levels has resulted in widely accepted yet erroneous inferences about the relationships among various elements in bone and past diet. One such inference is that more of any element in the diet translates directly to more of that element in bone. If an element is not biogenically incorporated within bone, or if biological levels are metabolically controlled, then that element will not reflect diet. A second erroneous inference is that strontium can be used to measure the dietary plant/meat ratio. Sr/Ca ratios in meat are generally lower than those of plants, but meat is also low in calcium and hence has little effect on the composition of bone. Plants, on the other hand, contribute substantially to bone composition. Variations in the strontium levels of bone thus more likely reflect differential consumption of plants rather than trophic position. Although efforts to determine plant/meat ratios from strontium and to draw dietary inferences from elements other than strontium and barium have not been successful, this failure has been due to inappropriate expectations, not to a failure of bone strontium to reflect diet. 

Price, T.D. and Kavanagh, M. 1982 Bone composition and the reconstruction of diet examples from the midwestem United States. Mid-Continental.Journal of Archaeology 7 61-70. Quilter, J. 1989 Life and Death at Paloma. Iowa City, University of Iowa Press. 

Electrolytes are involved in many metabolic and homeostatic functions, including enzymatic and biochemical reactions, maintenance of cell membrane structure and function, neurotransmission, hormone function, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function, bone composition, and fluid homeostasis. The causes of electrolyte abnormalities in patients receiving PN may be multifactorial, including altered absorption and distribution excessive or inadequate intake altered hormonal, neurologic, and homeostatic mechanisms altered excretion via gastrointestinal and renal losses changes in fluid status and fluid shifts and medications. 

Jee WSS, Dell RB, Parks NJ, et al. 1985. Toxicity of plutonium and americium Relationship of bone composition to location of 226Ra, 239Pu and241 Am induced bone sarcomas. EUR 9250 155-174. 

NNAKWE AND KIES Mouse Bone Composition and Breaking Strength... 

Table IV. Effect of fluoride on bone composition and strength...

P. B. Mack68 has made an extensive and very careful study which is related to the problem of variability in bone composition, and she has been kind enough to furnish me with some of the data previous to publication. A wide range of human subjects of various ages, 10,200 in number, were studied by a technique developed by her and her associates for determining skeletal density.69 These determinations are based upon microdensitometric traces which were made of X rays of a cross section 1 mm. wide of the os calcis (heel bone). 

Luccia, B. H. D., and Kunkel, M. E. (2002b). Psyllium reduces relative calcium bioavailability and induces negative changes in bone composition in weanling Wistar rats. Nutr. Res. 22, 1027-1040. 

HA-Autogenous Bone Composite HA-PLA Composite Bloactive Glasses Periodontal Pocket Obliteration HA... 

Jee WS, Parks NJ, Miller SC, et al. 1985. Relationship of bone composition to the location of radium-induced bone cancer. Strahlentherapie [Sonderb] 80 75-78. 

Since bone contains mainly calcium phosphate compounds, and in particular HAP as the major mineral, calcium-based CBPC materials can provide the necessary bone composition. 

Bone composition, such as mineralizahon, carbonate accumulation, crystallinity and collagen crosslinking, has been shown to change with age [41], and is correlated with the bone s mechanical properhes [42, 43]. In microdamaged bone, the collagen crosslinking is altered but the mineralization and crystallinity are unaffected [44] (Figure 14.6). Alterahons in bone composition have been observed in diseases such as osteoporosis [45], osteopetrosis [46] and osteoarthritis [47]. The treatment of osteoporosis with nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic steroid, was shown to alter the cortical bone composition [48], whereas treatment with bisphos-phonates had little effect [49]. 

Goulding a and Campbell DR (1984) Effects of oral loads of sodium chloride on bone composition in growing rats consuming ample dietary calcium. Mineral Electrolyte Metab 10 58-62. 

Stannous fluoride is a classic example of a compound that must be used in moderation. In small concentrations, it appears to be completely safe for human uses. In larger doses, it may have some health risks. For example, in concentrations of more than two parts per million, stannous fluoride (and other fluorides) may causes fluorosis, a mottling (brownish coloring) of the teeth and changes in bone composition. Individuals who work with pure stannous fluoride may also be at risk from exposure to its powder or dust. It is an irritant and may cause inflammation of the skin, eyes, or respiratory system. Symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. These effects do not occur, however, at the level at which stannous fluoride occurs in tooth care products. 

Edward J (1987) Post-mortem Changes in Archaeological Bone Composition mrd Thar Effect on Paleodictary Reconstruction, PhD Dissertation, Columbia, Univ. of Missouri Rottlander R (1976) J. Archaeo. Science 3 83... 

The interaction between bone and plate is extremely important since the two are combined into a composite structure. The stability of the plate-bone composite and the service life of the plate depends upon accurate fracture reduction. The plate is most resistant in tension therefore, in fractures of long bones, the plate is placed along the side of the bone which is typically loaded in tension. Having excellent... 

HO OH 1,8-octanediol (OD) POC Hydrophobic, suitable elasticity vascular graft, bone composite, drug delivery [2,16-18,29,35]... 

HO OH o POC-click Enhanced mechanical properties, surface conjugate—easy—vascular graft, bone composites Unpublished... 

PEC orOD 0 0 PEGMC or Photo- or free radical cross-linkable cell POMC delivery, injectable bone composite [27,35- 37,47]... 

Pre-POC HD 8 CUPE Enhanced mechanical properties vascular graft, bone composites [19]... 

Fig. 1 Illustration of Macroscopic Bone Composition and Structure. Adapted from Bonzani IC, George JH, Stevens MM. Novel materials for bone and cartilage regeneration. Current opinion in chemical biology. 2006 10 568-575. Copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fig. 2 Illustration of Macroscopic Bone Composition and Structure. From Marieb, E. N., J. Mallatt, et al. (2013). Human Anatomy 7 ed. San Francisco, Califomia. Pearson Beniamin Cummings. Copyright 2013 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Yeni, Y. N., Brown, C. U., and Norman, T. L. (1998), Influence of bone composition and apparent density on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia. Bone 22(l) 79-84. 

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