Rational Diets

If that is clearly improbable, where will the most likely rate be will the newly rich Indians and Chinese generally prefer average meat intakes at, or below, the current Italian or Swedish levels, or will the Japanese pattern, characterized by a 

I believe that a rational position is to advocate a moderate consumption of those animal foods that require the largest amount of feed (feedlot-raised beef raised on a mixture of corn and soybeans is the most obvious case in point) and to promote the intake of those foods that can be produced most efficiently. The latter category includes above all aquacultured herbivorous fish, all dairy products, and chicken.  

A growing incidence of obesity is not limited either to Western or to affluent countries. A recent survey documents surprisingly high shares of obesity in societies as different as Mexico (50% of adult males, and 58% of females obese), Thailand (with about V4 of all adults obese), and Kuwait (more than Vs of all adults obese). In China s cities the proportion of overweight adults rose from 9.7% in 1982 to 14.9% in the early 1990s, and in Beijing the rate is now over 30%, similar to the North American incidence.  

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Male weanlings fed copper-deficient (0.13 mg/kg ration) or copper-adequate (5.7 mg/kg ration) diets for 49 days... 

To protect young birds against adverse effects of excess nickel on their growth and survival, diets should contain less than 200 mg Ni/kg ration diets of older birds should contain less than 800 mg Ni/kg ration. Nickel concentrations in avian tissues in excess of 10 mg/kg DW kidney or 3 mg/kg DW liver are sometimes associated with adverse effects. 

Gallbladder effect. Seeds, administered orally to 20 adult males with mild hypercholesterolemia at a dose of 5.1 g/day for 40 days, reduced postprandial residual volume and increased volume of bile emptied b Gallstone prevention. Psyllium was investigated in a double-blind clinical trial to compare the effect of rational diet plus ursodeoxycholic acid vs a rational diet... 

Patton et al. (117) have reported cholesterol deposits in ground squirrels and prairie dogs fed 50% egg yolk, 50% monkey ration diets for 12-15 months. Further details are not available. 

The Haber-Bosch process is not going to be displaced any time soon, and increased global dependence on this synthesis is inevitable even with an early stabilization of the world population and a widespread adoption of rational diets. Intensive cultivation cannot be sustained without applications of nitrogen fertilizers. The yield increases required to produce larger harvests—needed to provide food for additional 2-4 billion people by 2050, as well as to improve the diets of some 3 billion people— are unthinkable without a substantial overall increase of nitrogen applications. 

Acetamide has been used experimentally as a source of nonprotein nitrogen for sheep and dairy cattie (13). It does not appear to be toxic in amounts of about 2—3% of ration. Buffering the diet with dibasic acids serves to allow higher levels of intake because the ammonia Hberated in the digestive process is then scavenged. 

The nutritional requirements of Eseherkhia eoli cells are far simpler than those of humans, yet the macromolecnles found in bacteria are about as complex as those of animals. Since bacteria can make all their essential biomolecnles while subsisting on a simpler diet, do yon think bacteria may have more biosynthetic capacity and hence more metabolic complexity than animals Organize your thoughts on this question, pro and con, into a rational argument. 

Oily fishmeal is allowed in organic rations and it has an even higher essential amino acid content than full-fat soya. However, its use in poultry rations is limited partly by cost, restrictions on the source of the fishmeal imposed by organic standards, the fact that some customers demand birds that are fed on a vegetable-based diet and concerns about fishy taints to the product (Walker and Gordon, 2001). 

WILDLIFE (mg/kg dry weight) Diet Potential adverse effects on health and reproduction >10 total chromium in ration 8... 

In mammals, copper absorption across the intestinal mucosa is inhibited by concomitant high oral intake of zinc (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In livers from Weddell seals, copper is positively correlated with zinc (Szefer et al. 1994). The addition of zinc to swine diets protects against copper toxicosis caused by eating diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg ration (USEPA 1980). 

Sheep fed copper-deficient diets of less than 2.5 mg Cu/kg DW ration (vs. a normal diet of... 

Copper deficiency effects are reported in mink (Mustela vison) and domestic swine. Copper deficiency in mink, as judged by reduced survival, occurs by feeding rations containing the equivalent of 3.5 mg Cu/kg BW daily for a period of 50 weeks (ATSDR 1990). Swine, which seem to have higher copper requirements than mink, given low copper diets equivalent to 15 to 36 mg Cu/kg B W daily for 7 days have decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and growth rate (ATSDR 1990). 

Dietary copper deficiency increases the acute inflammatory response in rats and other small laboratory animals (Schuschke et al. 1994). The release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and serotonin, from mast cells increases the vascular permeability of postcapillary venules and results in edema. In copper-deficient rats, release of histamine from mast cells correlates positively with frequency of the acute inflammatory response. Copper-deficient rats (0.6 mg Cu/kg DW ration for 4 weeks) have more mast cells in muscle than copper-adequate controls given diets containing 6.3 mg Cu/kg DW ration however, histamine content of mast cells is not affected (Schuschke et al. 1994). An early clinical sign of copper deficiency is a reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils the mechanism for copper-deficient neutropenia (leukopenia in which... 

Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Larvae were fed diets containing 10, 50, 250, or 1250 mg Cu/kg ration from first instar to pupation effects measured on development rate, growth, survival, and reproductive success Oribatid mite, Platynothrus peltifer Fed diets with 13 (control), 28, 64, 168, 598, or 1498 mg Cu/kg DW diet for 3 months... 

In turkeys, natural diets with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration have no adverse effects on growth or survival. But purified diets are toxic to turkeys in three weeks, and purified diets that contain as little as 50 mg Cu/kg ration produce adverse effects (Waibel et al. 1964). Turkeys fed purified diets with supplemented copper show a dose-dependent increase in mortality and decrease in growth these effects are attributed to a copper-accelerated dietary deterioration (Supplee 1964). Turkey growth and survival are acceptable when fed purified diets supplemented with as much as 800 mg Cu/kg ration provided that effective levels of added antioxidant (0.02% ethoxyquin) and stabilized sources of Vitamins A and D are present (Supplee 1964). 

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