Psychological Suffering

Because TD often makes the sufferers look odd or even bizarre, they experience shame and humiliation, typically leading to lowered selfesteem and social withdrawal. Even a seemingly mild dyskinesia that affects facial expression can be sufficiently humiliating to cause a person to want to stay at home and away from people. Similarly, a speech abnormality that makes a person talk funny can lead to the avoidance of communicating. 

The experience of constant pain from dystonia or inner torture from akathisia can drive a person to suicidal despair. The physical disabilities associated with disorders can also become very depressing to patients. 

In a clinical report from the Mayo Clinic by Rosenbaum (1979), depression was found to be closely linked to TD. Rosenbaum stated, Almost all patients in our series had depressive symptoms accompanying the onset of tardive dyskinesia, and he cited other studies confirming his observation. 

TD patients often feel very betrayed by the doctors who prescribed the medication or who failed to detect the disorder or to tell the patients about it. Too frequently, perhaps in a self-protective stance toward their colleagues, several psychiatrists or neurologists in a row will fail to 

Chapter 5 will look at impairments to mental functioning that are almost always found in patients with drug-induced tardive disorders. Overall, even a slight or minimal degree of tardive disorder can end up seriously impairing an individual s quality of life. 

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Stroke is a major public health challenge, not only for neuropharmacology, but for the society in general. Stroke causes physical and psychological suffering for patients and their family, increased hospitalization burden, and premature death. Every year, there are 500,000 new stroke victims in the United States, and as many in Europe. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and can occur in young subjects under 55 years of age (estimated incidence = 34/100,000), especially in men. In the United States... 

Improved health has a value in itself for the individual and their family, but what value should this be given in the CBA As O Brien (2000) notes, expressing the total impact of any policy or action by doUar is illusory. There are no particular economic mun-bers expressing the social consequences related to the fear among parents and psychological suffering. Yes, a value can be specified in the CBA, but its rationale can certainly be questioned. 

Dental caries is one of the most conunon oral diseases. Unless properly treated, dental caries will progress to pulpitis, periapical infections, and ultimately result in dental loss. Dental loss can canse not only physical but also psychological suffering that compromises an individual s self-esteem and quality of life (Pihlstrom et al., 2005 Polzer et al., 2010 Jung et al., 2011 Otsu et al., 2014). Traditional therapies in current dental practice often result in the loss of tooth sensitivity and viability. Novel approaches based on tissne-derived and stem cell-derived ECM have been suggested as alternatives, along with bioactive scaffolds for dental repair. 

Parental presence in hospitals has been standard for many years. It alleviates the child s anxiety and reduces psychological suffering of the parents as well. Since 2000, parental presence has been supported even during resuscitation of pediatric patients (Meeks 2009). However, controversy exists over parental presence in some situations. If a parent is anxious, his or her anxiety may serve to increase the child s fears, and concerns about a distressed parent needing treatment and adding to the workload of pediatric nurses have also been raised (Buffett-jerrott et al., 2007). In the absence of complicating factors, a calm parent s presence can serve to alleviate the patient s fear and decrease the workload of pediatric nurses. 

Gulf war syndrome (GWS) is the name given to a variety of psychological and physical symptoms suffered by veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms have been remarkably wide-ranging, sometimes somewhat ill-defined. These symptoms were inteipreted to reflect exposure to centrally acting anti-AChEs. 

The core problem with the antipsychiatry approach is its practical limitations. How exactly does it assist the distressed individual who is suffering from the delusion that they have an atomic bomb inside their body It will be shown later that psychotherapy without drug treatment is largely ineffective (as Jung and Fried both concluded), whereas psychological therapy combined with active drug treatment is the most effective therapeutic approach. 

I remember showing my anger in a quite undiplomatic way. "This thing we want to denounce is war in the worst sense, don t you think Worse than indiscriminate bombing, and worse than being captured when you have a small chance. It is the psychological effect that means the most — the effect on all potential victims, and on anyone who is responsible in any way for the sufferings of these people. Whatever restrictions are in this declaration must be private."... 

Excessive exposure to inorganic mercury, particularly in its elemental form, creates a psychological condition called erethism. Victims suffer from excessive timidity and self-consciousness, inability to concentrate, loss of memory, and other psychological changes. From at least the seventeenth and well into the nineteenth century, mercury was used to cure felt, and workers exposed during that process could acquire erethism. Lewis Carroll s character the Mad Hatter was no doubt based on the fact that hatters exposed to mercury could in fact go mad. The phrase mad as a hatter was in common use at the time Alice s Adventures in Wonderland was written. 

The anorexia suffered by cancer patients is likely to arise from a combination of psychological stress, altered senses of taste and smell and increased levels of cytokines, which influence the appetite and satiety centres in the hypothalamus. There are several consequences micronutrient intake will be diminished and this may contribute to the signs and symptoms of the disease. Plasma amino acid levels will fall, as in starvation (Chapter 16). Synthesis of glutamine (by muscle, adipose and lung), aspartate (by liver), glutathione (by the intestine) and arginine (by the kidney) will all be compromised. The metabolic significance of all of these is discussed in Chapter 18. 

Although anxiety disorders were officially recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1980, reports of the occurrence of anxiety disorders can be found throughout recorded history. Such prominent figures as Isaac Newton, Emily Dickinson, Abraham Lincoln, and Sigmund Freud all suffered symptoms that would now be classified as an anxiety disorder. 

This design may help to screen out placebo responders as well as bipolar depressed patients with transient exacerbations of symptoms, or subjects suffering from anxiety disorders in response to environmental psychological stressors. However, the value of this design is limited because it will not reduce potential investigator bias, i.e. the expectation of pharmacological effects after a given time. 

The way a person relates to pain is in the domain of cognitive psychology. How sufferers cope depends on their own cognitive evaluation of the situation, and if their treatment or prognosis is incorrect the patient will respond inappropriately by over- or under-reacting to it. 

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