P reduction

DuGan CR, Cardaciotto PS. Reduction of ammoniacal urinary odors by the sustained feeding of cranberry juice. J Psychiatr Nurs 1966 8 467 170. 

An /q.ps reduction is sometimes interpreted in terms of a reduction of the density of free-volume voids in a polymer [10, 20]. However, the influence of the free volume on Iq-ps should be less pronounced than on the ortho-positronium lifetime ro-Ps, which depends directly on the average free-volume void size [Ij. We will see later that Tq-ps varies much less than lo.ps during aging. Therefore, the T.ps reduction should not be interpreted in terms of a free-volume change. 

M" and S" plants adjusted their ET rates according to the reduced irrigation rates within 5 days of stress (Fig. 2), After that the daily PS rose to somewhat higher values (Fig. 3). ET reduction was larger than PS reduction in both treatments. 

In general, nitro-hydrocarbons are most readily identified by reduction to the corresponding amine (above), which is then identified as its benzoyl or other derivative (p. 374). (M.ps., pp. 550-551.)... 

A) Benzoyl Derivative. Since acetylation and benzoylation do not always proceed smoothly with nitrophenols, it is best to reduce them to the aminophenol as in (3) above. Add an excess of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture after reduction, cool and then add a small excess of benzoyl chloride, and shake in the usual way. The dibenzoyl derivative wiU separate. Filter, wash with water and recrystalUse. (M.ps., p. 551.)... 

Reduction or even complete compensation of birefringence by mixing polymers with positive birefringence (PC, PVC, PETP, PPE, PVDF, etc) with polymers with negative birefringence (PMMA, PS, PAN, etc) has been the consistent strategy. 

For organic SEC separations the use of polystyrene/divinylbenzene (PS/ DVB) particles is almost universal throughout the industry. Polymer Laboratories PS/DVB material, PLgel, which is produced in a series of individual pore sizes, formed the basis for the original product line of SEC columns. Developments in the refinement of particle sizing introduced the benefits of smaller particle size and more efficient columns, which significantly reduced SEC analysis time through a reduction in the number of columns required for... 

The other approach to the reduction of the power loss to the dielectric material is by reducing the amount used. This is done by replacing part of the dielectric by air, an inert gas, or by vacuum. As examples there are three cable constructions in common use which employ these approaches to minimize dielectric loss. The first is the use of a foamed dielectric PS plastic that is commonly used in either twin lead transmission lines or in coaxial cables used for antenna lead-in wires in the UHF-TV antenna applications. The second system, which is illustrative of several sectional spacers, is used widely in communications cables of the coaxial type to minimize losses to the dielectric by reducing the amount of dielectric material in the cable. 

Fig. 8. Calculated solid echo 2H NMR powder spectra for jumps between two sites related by the tetrahedral angle for ij =0, i.e. true absorption spectrum and Tj = 200 ps. xc is the correlation time of motion. R is the reduction factor, giving the total normalized intensity of the spectra for x, = 200 ps. (For x, = 0 all the spectra have total intensity 1)...

A one-pot synthesis of thiohydantoins has been developed using microwave heating [72]. A small subset of p-substituted benzaldehydes, prepared in situ from p-bromobenzaldehyde by microwave-assisted Suzuki or Negishi reactions, was reacted in one pot by reductive amination followed by cyclization with a thioisocyanate catalyzed by polystyrene-bound dimethyl-aminopyridine (PS-DMAP) or triethylamine, all carried out under microwave irradiation, to give the thiohydantoin products in up to 68% isolated yield (Scheme 16). 

Linearly polarized, near-diffraction-hmited, mode-locked 1319 and 1064 nm pulse trains are generated in separate dual-head, diode-pumped resonators. Each 2-rod resonator incorporates fiber-coupled diode lasers to end-pump the rods, and features intracavity birefringence compensation. The pulses are stabilized to a 1 GHz bandwidth. Timing jitter is actively controlled to < 150 ps. Models indicate that for the mode-locked pulses, relative timing jitter of 200 ps between the lasers causes <5% reduction in SFG conversion efficiency. 

Table 4 summarizes the efficiency of this hybrid MFAJV/NF process. Reduction of conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids and TDS was close to 100%. Conductivity values were reduced down to average values of 200 pS cm while turbidity and TDS reached 1.2 NTU and 102 mg 1 respectively. Thus, regenerated water could meet the standards for cooling and boiler feedwater [11]. 

Despite these intense efforts to test different chemical modifications, there is so far little success in developing potent and safe antivirals. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), McHutchison et al. reported in vivo side effects of a 20-nucleotide PS-modified ohgonucleotide (ISIS-14803) (McHutchison et al. 2006). In a test group of 28 patients, only 3 patients responded to the treatment by a reduction in the HCV viral load. The researchers concluded that further studies are needed to evaluate this novel agent and its side effects. Previously, ISIS Pharmaceuticals reported a 3.8 log reduction in plasma virus in patients with chronic HCV infection, using ISIS-14803 (www.isispharm.com). 

Transition-metal catalyzed photochemical reactions for hydrogen generation from water have recently been investigated in detail. The reaction system is composed of three major components such as a photosensitizer (PS), a water reduction catalyst (WRC), and a sacrificial reagent (SR). Although noble-metal complexes as WRC have been used [214—230], examples for iron complexes are quite rare. It is well known that a hydride as well as a dihydrogen (or dihydride) complex plays important roles in this reaction. 

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